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The retention characteristics of electrons and holes in hafnium oxide with post-deposition annealing in a N2 or O2 ambient were investigated by Kelvin probe force microscopy. The KFM results show that compared with the N2 PDA process, the O2 PDA process can lead to a significant retention improvement. Vertical charge leakage and lateral charge spreading both played an important role in the charge loss mechanisms. The retention improvement is attributed to the deeper trap energy. For electrons, the trap energy of the HOS structure annealed in a N2 or O2 ambient were determined to be about 0.44 and 0.49 eV, respectively. For holes, these are about 0.34and 0.36 eV, respectively. Finally, the electrical characteristics of the memory devices are demonstrated from the experiment, which agreed with our characterization results. The qualitative and quantitative determination of the charge retention properties, the possible charge decay mechanism and trap energy reported in this work can be very useful for the characterization of hafnium charge storage devices.
The retention characteristics of electrons and holes in hafnium oxide with post-deposition annealing in a N2 or O2 ambient were investigated by Kelvin probe force microscopy. The KFM results show that compared with the N2 PDA process, the O2 PDA process can lead to a significant retention improvement. Vertical charge leakage and lateral charge spreading both played an important role in the charge loss mechanisms. At retention to attributed to the deeper trap energy. For electrons, the trap energy of the HOS structure annealed in a N2 or O2 ambient were determined to be about 0.44 and 0.49 eV, respectively. For holes, these are about 0.34 and 0.36 eV, respectively. Finally, the electrical characteristics of the memory devices are demonstrated from the experiment, which agreed with our characterization results. determination of the charge retention properties, the possible charge decay mechanism and trap energy reported in this work can be ver y useful for the characterization of hafnium charge storage devices.