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圆锥角膜是常见的角膜扩张性疾病，其主要临床特征为角膜扩张、中央区角膜基质变薄、高度不规则散光等。该病的发病机制尚不明确，其发生受到多种因素的共同作用。大量研究表明圆锥角膜的发生与遗传密切相关，并存在明显的遗传异质性。变态反应性疾病和频繁揉眼患者的圆锥角膜发生率偏高。紫外线照射可损伤眼表，进而诱发圆锥角膜。继发性圆锥角膜是屈光手术术后严重的并发症。本文就遗传易感性、揉眼、变态反应、紫外线暴露、屈光手术等圆锥角膜危险因素的研究进行综述。“,”Keratoconus is a corneal ectasia disease characterized by conical protrusion, progressive corneal thinning and irregular astigmatism.The etiology of keratoconus remains unclear now.Multiple factors contribute to the disease.A large number of studies have shown that the occurrence of keratoconus is closely related to heredity, and there exists obvious genetic heterogeneity.The incidence of keratoconus in patients with allergic diseases and frequent eye rubbing is high.Ultraviolet irradiation can damage the ocular surface and induce keratoconus subsequently.Keratectasia is a serious complication after refractive surgery.In this article, the risk factors including genetic susceptibility, eye rubbing, allergic diseases, ultraviolet irradiation, refractive surgery that related to keratoconus are reviewed.