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《论确实性》一书由维特根斯坦晚年所作的四组笔记构成。其主题是命题的认识论意义(如“地球在我出生以前早已存在”和“这是一只手”),这些命题是由摩尔作为“捍卫常识”和“外在世界的证明”的例子而提出来的。根据N.马尔科姆在他的《回忆录》中的记载,这些笔记来自维特根斯坦与他的讨论,其中包含了维特根斯坦在自己去世之前的感受;“我突然发现自己的智力达到了研究哲学的最佳状态,我曾经绝对地认为自己永远不会再回复到这种状态了。两年多来,幕帘第一次在我的头脑中掀起来”。我们可以通过马尔科姆的《回忆录》了解笔记中的有关材料,比如维特根斯坦关于证实论观点的讨论。以及他对梦幻问题的研究。虽然《论确实性》一书在形式上并不是按照对某些典型的怀疑论论点的回答而组织起来的,但是我在此文中还是要从中取得一些材料,同时也从传统论据中取得一些材料。
The book On Confidence consists of four notes made by Wittgenstein in his later years. Its subject matter is the epistemological implications of propositions (eg “The Earth existed long before I was born” and “This is a hand”), these propositions being given by Moore as an example of “defense of common sense” and “proof of the external world” from. According to N. Malcolm in his Memoirs, these notes are from Wittgenstein’s discussion with him, and include Wittgenstein’s feeling before he died; “I suddenly found myself reaching out to study intelligence Philosophical best, I used to think absolutely that I would never be back in that state again for the first time in more than two years. We can learn about the material in the notes through Malcolm’s Memoirs, such as Wittgenstein’s discussion of the notion of proof. As well as his research on fantasy issues. Although the book ”On Authenticity" is not formally organized in response to some typical skeptic arguments, I still need to get some material from this article, as well as from the traditional arguments .