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渐变论 法国动物学家和考古学家居维叶在研究化石时,发现不同地层中的化石不同,而且地层越老化石越简单。他认为不同地层中所以含有不同的化石是由于地球过去多次发生灾变所造成的。每次灾变使生物全遭灭绝,然后上帝又重新造出新的物种,由于上帝每次创造物种时忘记了过去物种的模式,因而新物种就与以前的物种不同了。英国地质学家赖尔在1830年发表的《地质学原理》一书中驳斥了居维叶的灾变论,阐述了地球渐进变化的思想。认为地球表面以及它上面的无机界和有机界是在水成和火成这两种自然作用相互作用下逐渐变化的。这就把自我发展变化的思想引进了地质学,粉碎了“上帝创世说”。
Gradient theory French zoologist and archaeologist Cuvier leaf in the study of fossils, found in different fossils different, and the fossil the older the more simple. He believes that the different fossils in different strata are caused by the many catastrophic changes in the Earth’s past. Every time a cataclysm plunges a creature into extinction, and God rebuilds a new species, the new species differs from the previous species, for every time God created the species, he forgot the pattern of past species. The British geologist Ryle dismissed Cuvier’s catastrophe theory in his book “Principles of Geology,” published in 1830, and described the idea of a gradual change in the earth. It is thought that the earth’s surface and the inorganic and organic boundaries above it gradually change under the interaction of water and fire. This introduced the idea of self-development and change into geology and smashed God’s Creation Theory.