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Hip-hop was born out of the Bronx during the 1970s. Artists such as Grandmaster Flash， DJ Kool Herc and Afrika Bambaata mixed funk， soul and Jamaican “toasting” （chanting over music） to create the genre. Since its early formation， hip-hop has become one of the world’s biggest-selling musical genres. Its influence on Western society is far reaching and hip-hop is often referred to as a “culture”. It has had a notable influence on fashion， art， language and the politics of mainstream Western society.
嘻哈乐诞生于20世纪70年代纽约市的布朗克斯区，是闪耀大师、DJ酷赫克和阿弗里卡·巴姆巴塔等艺术家混合了放克音乐、灵魂乐和牙买加“吟唱”（随着音乐唱诵）而创造出来的音乐类型。自形成早期，嘻哈就成了世界上销量最大的音乐类型之一，对西方社会产生了深远的影响。嘻哈也常被认为是一种“文化”，对西方主流社会的时尚、艺术、语言和政治都有着显著的影响。
Fashion
时 尚
Style and fashion have always been at the heart of hip-hop culture. Breakdancers （or B-boys） inspired by hip-hop wore clothes that were functional for dancing such as loose fitting jeans or tracksuits. Baggy jeans， tracksuits， oversized jewelry and sneakers are all iconic items of clothing that have been absorbed by mainstream fashion. Brands including Adidas， Nike and Tommy Hilfiger have been instrumental in bringing hip-hop fashion to the masses. Designers including Chanel， Gucci and Louis Vuitton have all brought elements of hip-hop fashion on the catwalk.
格调和时尚一直是嘻哈文化的核心。受嘻哈的影响，霹雳舞者（或称街舞男孩）穿着宽松牛仔裤或运动服等便于跳舞的服装。宽松牛仔裤、运动服、大号珠宝和运动鞋等标志性的服饰均已被主流时尚所吸收。阿迪达斯、耐克、汤米·希尔费格等品牌在向大众推广嘻哈时尚方面起了重要作用。香奈儿、古驰、路易威登等品牌设计师都曾将嘻哈时尚元素搬上T台。
Language
语 言
The lexicon of hip-hop has infiltrated mainstream culture. Words such as “phat” （cool）， “hood” （neighborhood） and “chill” （relax） have all entered everyday vernacular. The language of hip-hop—or more specially its sub-genre rap—has also proved to be controversial. In particular， the word “nigga” used frequently by rappers is widely considered to be an offensive term but is commonly used in the rap genre.
与嘻哈相关的词汇已渗透主流文化。像phat（酷）、hood（地盘）和chill（放松）这样的词语都已成为日常用语。然而，嘻哈（更确切地说是其下属音乐类型说唱）的语言也有些争议性。比如，说唱歌手常用的词语nigga（黑鬼）被廣泛认为是一个有冒犯性的词语，但这个词在说唱乐中很常用。
Politics
政 治
Since its formation in the early 1970s， hip-hop has been a vehicle for socially-aware messages. The Last Poets， Afrika Bambaata and DJ Kool Herc were outspoken black activists. Records such as Grandmaster Flash’s The Message and Keith LeBlanc’s No Sell Out are drenched in messages outlining the struggle of the poor black Americans. KRS-One and A Tribe Called Quest have maintained the social message purveyed by earlier hip-hop artists. Such artists have acted as positive role models promoting the importance of education， cultural awareness and a peaceful philosophy. 自20世纪70 年代早期形成以来，嘻哈乐就成了传播社会意识信息的媒介。最后的诗人、阿弗里卡·巴姆巴塔和DJ酷赫克都是直言不讳的黑人活动家。闪耀大师的《启示》和基思·勒布朗的《没有背叛》等唱片都对美国贫苦黑人的艰难挣扎做了浓墨重彩的描绘。KRS-One和探索部落等艺术家都保留了早期嘻哈音乐家所传播的社会信息。这些艺术家作为积极的榜样倡导教育的重要性、文化意识及和平理念。
Art
艺 术
Graffiti is strongly associated with hip-hop culture. The practice of graffiti gathered momentum in the Bronx during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was often used by political activists to send messages or make statements or by gangs marking territory. Since the 1990s， graffiti has become more widely accepted as a recognized art form worldwide with the success of Britishborn artist Banksy and French duo 123Klan. Commercially， large corporations such as Sony have used graffiti in marketing campaigns. Graffiti has also infiltrated the gaming community with games like SEGA’s Jet Set Radio.
涂鸦与嘻哈文化密切相关。在20世纪60年代末期和70年代早期，涂鸦行为在布朗克斯区发展势头强劲，常被政治活动家用来传递信息或发表言论，或被匪帮用于标注势力范围。90年代以来，随着英国艺术家班克西和法国夫妇涂鸦团体123Klan的成功，涂鸦作为一种艺术形式已在世界范围内获得更广泛的认可。在商业方面，索尼等大公司已經把涂鸦用在市场推广活动中。涂鸦也已渗透进游戏社区，出现了世嘉游戏机上的“街头涂鸦”这样的游戏。
Word Study
notable /'n??t?bl/ adj. 值得注意的;显著的;重要的
mainstream /'me?nstri?m/ n. 主流，主要倾向，主要趋势
iconic /a?'k?n?k/ adj. 符号的;图标的;偶像的
instrumental /'?nstr?'mentl/ adj. 起重要作用的
purvey /p?'ve?/ v. 提供，供应（食物、服务或信息）
嘻哈乐诞生于20世纪70年代纽约市的布朗克斯区，是闪耀大师、DJ酷赫克和阿弗里卡·巴姆巴塔等艺术家混合了放克音乐、灵魂乐和牙买加“吟唱”（随着音乐唱诵）而创造出来的音乐类型。自形成早期，嘻哈就成了世界上销量最大的音乐类型之一，对西方社会产生了深远的影响。嘻哈也常被认为是一种“文化”，对西方主流社会的时尚、艺术、语言和政治都有着显著的影响。
Fashion
时 尚
Style and fashion have always been at the heart of hip-hop culture. Breakdancers （or B-boys） inspired by hip-hop wore clothes that were functional for dancing such as loose fitting jeans or tracksuits. Baggy jeans， tracksuits， oversized jewelry and sneakers are all iconic items of clothing that have been absorbed by mainstream fashion. Brands including Adidas， Nike and Tommy Hilfiger have been instrumental in bringing hip-hop fashion to the masses. Designers including Chanel， Gucci and Louis Vuitton have all brought elements of hip-hop fashion on the catwalk.
格调和时尚一直是嘻哈文化的核心。受嘻哈的影响，霹雳舞者（或称街舞男孩）穿着宽松牛仔裤或运动服等便于跳舞的服装。宽松牛仔裤、运动服、大号珠宝和运动鞋等标志性的服饰均已被主流时尚所吸收。阿迪达斯、耐克、汤米·希尔费格等品牌在向大众推广嘻哈时尚方面起了重要作用。香奈儿、古驰、路易威登等品牌设计师都曾将嘻哈时尚元素搬上T台。
Language
语 言
The lexicon of hip-hop has infiltrated mainstream culture. Words such as “phat” （cool）， “hood” （neighborhood） and “chill” （relax） have all entered everyday vernacular. The language of hip-hop—or more specially its sub-genre rap—has also proved to be controversial. In particular， the word “nigga” used frequently by rappers is widely considered to be an offensive term but is commonly used in the rap genre.
与嘻哈相关的词汇已渗透主流文化。像phat（酷）、hood（地盘）和chill（放松）这样的词语都已成为日常用语。然而，嘻哈（更确切地说是其下属音乐类型说唱）的语言也有些争议性。比如，说唱歌手常用的词语nigga（黑鬼）被廣泛认为是一个有冒犯性的词语，但这个词在说唱乐中很常用。
Politics
政 治
Since its formation in the early 1970s， hip-hop has been a vehicle for socially-aware messages. The Last Poets， Afrika Bambaata and DJ Kool Herc were outspoken black activists. Records such as Grandmaster Flash’s The Message and Keith LeBlanc’s No Sell Out are drenched in messages outlining the struggle of the poor black Americans. KRS-One and A Tribe Called Quest have maintained the social message purveyed by earlier hip-hop artists. Such artists have acted as positive role models promoting the importance of education， cultural awareness and a peaceful philosophy. 自20世纪70 年代早期形成以来，嘻哈乐就成了传播社会意识信息的媒介。最后的诗人、阿弗里卡·巴姆巴塔和DJ酷赫克都是直言不讳的黑人活动家。闪耀大师的《启示》和基思·勒布朗的《没有背叛》等唱片都对美国贫苦黑人的艰难挣扎做了浓墨重彩的描绘。KRS-One和探索部落等艺术家都保留了早期嘻哈音乐家所传播的社会信息。这些艺术家作为积极的榜样倡导教育的重要性、文化意识及和平理念。
Art
艺 术
Graffiti is strongly associated with hip-hop culture. The practice of graffiti gathered momentum in the Bronx during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was often used by political activists to send messages or make statements or by gangs marking territory. Since the 1990s， graffiti has become more widely accepted as a recognized art form worldwide with the success of Britishborn artist Banksy and French duo 123Klan. Commercially， large corporations such as Sony have used graffiti in marketing campaigns. Graffiti has also infiltrated the gaming community with games like SEGA’s Jet Set Radio.
涂鸦与嘻哈文化密切相关。在20世纪60年代末期和70年代早期，涂鸦行为在布朗克斯区发展势头强劲，常被政治活动家用来传递信息或发表言论，或被匪帮用于标注势力范围。90年代以来，随着英国艺术家班克西和法国夫妇涂鸦团体123Klan的成功，涂鸦作为一种艺术形式已在世界范围内获得更广泛的认可。在商业方面，索尼等大公司已經把涂鸦用在市场推广活动中。涂鸦也已渗透进游戏社区，出现了世嘉游戏机上的“街头涂鸦”这样的游戏。
Word Study
notable /'n??t?bl/ adj. 值得注意的;显著的;重要的
mainstream /'me?nstri?m/ n. 主流，主要倾向，主要趋势
iconic /a?'k?n?k/ adj. 符号的;图标的;偶像的
instrumental /'?nstr?'mentl/ adj. 起重要作用的
purvey /p?'ve?/ v. 提供，供应（食物、服务或信息）