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以往学者判断荀子的学派归属,或基于其心性论,或基于其道德观;而单从心性论或者道德观,似不足以对荀子究竟是儒家还是法家做出评价。为此,本文引入政治体制的维度,从其政治思想与道德思想的内在关联出发,重新审视荀子的学派归属问题。本文认为,荀子号称“审周道”以建制,但它所建构的政治体制并非周制而是秦制。荀子考察秦国之后,对其治道赞赏有加,对其“无儒”深表遗憾,试图通过“治人”将儒家道德植入秦国的“治法”之上。但是,由于他的礼义过度政治化、外在化和形式化,导致荀学中的礼演变为与法相类似的强制性规范,从而使儒家道德发生异变,孔子的“道之以德,齐之以礼”蜕变为“道之以政,齐之以刑”。可见,荀学中“治人”与“治法”的矛盾,是法家政制与儒家道德矛盾的外化,最后不是儒家的治人驯服了法家的治法,而是法家的治法扭曲了儒家的治人。因此,从道德和政治思想两方面来看,荀子很难算作真正意义上的儒家,而是受儒家影响的法家即“儒法”。荀学的出现,适应了秦以后君主专制政治的需要,奠定了此后两千多年君主专制模式的思想基础。中国现代政治文明的建立,必须超越荀学的“卡夫丁峡谷”。
In the past, scholars judged Xunzi’s affiliation, or based on its theory of the mind, or based on its morality. However, it was not enough to evaluate Xunzi’s Confucianism or legalism solely from the perspective of the psychology or morality. Therefore, this article introduces the dimensions of political system, starts from the internal connection between political thought and moral thought, and re-examines Xunzi’s schooling affiliation. This article argues that Xunzi is known as “examining the thoughtful way”, but the political system it constructs is not a system of Zhou but a system of Qin. After studying Qin, Xunzi praised his administration for his admiration and expressed his deep regret over his “no Confucianism ”. He tried to implant Confucian morality into the “rule of law” in Qin through “rule of man”. However, because of his over-politicization, externalization and formalization of etiquette, the rituals in Xunzi became a compulsory norms similar to those in law, so that Confucian morality was changed. Confucius’s morality and morality The ceremony “Transformation into ” Road to politics, Qi of punishment “. It can be seen that the contradiction between Xun Xuezhong’s ”governing man“ and ”governing law“ is the externalization of the legal system between the legal system and the Confucian morality. Finally, it is not the Confucian rulers who have tamed the laws of the legalists, Governing Law distorts Confucian governance. Therefore, from the perspective of morality and political thought, Xunzi is hard to count as a real Confucian, but a Confucian-legalist influenced by Confucianism. The emergence of Xun Xun, adapted to the political needs of monarchy since the Qin Dynasty, laid the ideological foundation of the monarchy mode of more than 2,000 years thereafter. The establishment of modern Chinese political civilization must go beyond the ”Cafudin Canyon" of Xunzi.