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一、笛卡尔的生平和他所处的时代勒内·笛卡尔(Rene Descartes 1596—1650)是西方近代哲学的创始人之一,同时也是数学家、物理学家和生理心理学家。他出生在法国图朗郡的一个贵族家庭。八岁进耶稣会士办的教会学校拉·弗来施公学,从那时起,他就对学校讲授的经院哲学表示怀疑,课外广泛地阅读了许多宣传新思想的科学书和禁书。1612年,他去波埃顿大学攻读法律,四年后以优秀成绩取得法学博士学位。1616年,他立志走向社会,接触现实,“去读世界这本大书”,曾在巴黎生活了两年。后来,他认为从军是经济而简便的旅行方法,就以志愿兵身分参加了以德国新教诸侯、法国、瑞典、丹麦为一方,神圣罗马帝国皇帝、德国天主教诸侯和西班牙为一方的三十年战争。在军队中
I. The Life of Descartes and the Times in which He Lived Rene Descartes (1596-1650) is one of the founders of modern Western philosophy. He is also a mathematician, physicist and physiotherapist. He was born in a noble family in Tulang County, France. From the age of eight, he entered the church school La Fole, a Jesuit school, and from that time on he became suspicious of the scholasticism taught in the school and read extensively outside of many scientific books and banned books promoting new ideas. In 1612, he went to Boston University to study law and four years later obtained his JD with honors. In 1616, he determined to go socially and in touch with the reality of “reading this great book of the world” and had lived in Paris for two years. Later, he considered that using the military as an economical and convenient method of travel, he took part in the 30-year war as a volunteer on the side of the German Protestant priests, France, Sweden and Denmark, the Holy Roman Emperor, German Catholic priests and Spain. In the army