论文部分内容阅读
短文改错是高考试题的一种重要题型。该题型内容广泛,既考语言基础知识,又考语言的综合运用能力;该题型考查的错误面广,有基础的大小写、单词拼写、词语搭配;还有较高级的词语转化和上下文的行文逻辑关系。这类题要求学生不仅要有牢固扎实的英语基础,还要具备活学活用语言知识的能力。它是高考卷中较难的部分,许多学生都反映做短文改错困难很大,笔者经过多年教学,对解短文改错题稍有心得,下面谈谈笔者的解题方法与技巧。
一、短文改错题的设计规则及特点
高考中要求改错的短文,题材各异,但多为记叙文、应用文和说明文等,内容相当广泛。每篇短文字数约100个单词左右,分10行,每行(不一定是一个完整的句子)都标有序号,每行为一题,分别出现四种情况:1.全行正确无误;2.该行有一个用错的词;3.该行有一个多余的词;4.该行缺漏了一个词。要求考生根据短文的内容及其各行的语言形式、语法要求和逻辑意义等具体情况,逐步作出判断,找出并改正可能存在的错误。
二、错误类型(以下例子都选自高考题)
(一)缺词。
1.缺系动词。
They ∧ eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.were
2.缺介词。
We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ∧ ourselves.of
3.缺冠词、代词及限定词。
Each player must obey ∧ captain,who is the leader of the team.the
The day before the speech contest ∧ English teacher talked to me.my
As everyone knows,it’s ∧ famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals.a
4.在定语从句中关系代词或关系副词。
A famous writer ∧ was visiting Japan was invited to give a lecture to a group of college students.who/that
5.缺连接词。
I told Mother,Father,Sister,∧ all my friends here what a great time I had.and
6.缺动词不定式。
My parents love me dearly of course and will do all;they can ∧ make sure that I get a good education.to
(二)多词(小词)。
1.受母语影响,出现汉语式结构,造成冗言。
Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit to an American family.time
2.不明词义内容,造成词义重复。
By now,he hasn’t returned back the money.back
3.多介词。
In fact,they are planning to visit China in next year.in
4.多助动词、系动词、情态动词、副词和冠词。
Great changes have been taken place since 1990.been
Now I can’t watch television,but a few years ago I was used to watch it every night.was
I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or so each day.should
5.插入干扰性的关系代词或关系副词,旨在考查句法。
In some places you may borrow as many books as you want,but in other places where you are limited to a certain number.where
6插入干扰性代词,旨在考查词组。
Like most of my classmates,I have neither brothers no sisters——in any other words,I am only a child.any
7.行文逻辑上也可设置多词项。
First,let me tell you something more about myself.more
(三)错词(注意几个一致性)。
1.时态错误,解题时考生应借助于特定语境、特定时间状语、特定句意及逻辑关系或连词的对称性原则正确调整时态。
We have a good time talking and laughing together.had
2.名词的数,名词错误主要体现在名词单复数错误,确定名词单复数有以下几种方法:看修饰语;看主谓语一致性;可数名词前无单数修饰语一定要用复数;看其它限制。
They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.questions
3.错误主要为形容词与副词混用错误,解题时应把握形容词与副词本身的区别:修饰联系动词及名词用形容词;修饰行为动词、形容词、过去分词及整个句子用副词。
Also, the sport teaches us the important of obedience.importance
4.主谓一致错误,主谓语一致错误常设计为主语为复数动词却用单数,或主语为单数动词却用复数。解题时考生应认真分析主语的单复数,并配之以单复数形式正确的动词。
Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.are
5.代词的一致和误用,解题时考生应细心分析每个动作的执行者与承受者,从而准确确定人称代词。
The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.their
6.非谓语动词的错误,非谓语动词错误主要表现为动词与非谓语动词混用错误及非谓语动词各种形式混用错误。考生应注意只要不作谓语就不能用动词形式而只能用非谓语动词形式,并要学会根据非谓语成分选用非谓语动词形式。尤其值得一提的是,主语或宾语由不定式或动名词担任,目的状语由不定式担任,而伴随状语则由现在分词担任。
... but now I’am interesting in football.interested
7.连词的误用,出现并列句和主从复合句时,考生应分析句子逻辑关系。出现定语从句时,考生应分析先行词在从句中的作用,从而正确使用连词。
Some wanted to see the program while others preferred another one.one
一、短文改错题的设计规则及特点
高考中要求改错的短文,题材各异,但多为记叙文、应用文和说明文等,内容相当广泛。每篇短文字数约100个单词左右,分10行,每行(不一定是一个完整的句子)都标有序号,每行为一题,分别出现四种情况:1.全行正确无误;2.该行有一个用错的词;3.该行有一个多余的词;4.该行缺漏了一个词。要求考生根据短文的内容及其各行的语言形式、语法要求和逻辑意义等具体情况,逐步作出判断,找出并改正可能存在的错误。
二、错误类型(以下例子都选自高考题)
(一)缺词。
1.缺系动词。
They ∧ eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.were
2.缺介词。
We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead ∧ ourselves.of
3.缺冠词、代词及限定词。
Each player must obey ∧ captain,who is the leader of the team.the
The day before the speech contest ∧ English teacher talked to me.my
As everyone knows,it’s ∧ famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals.a
4.在定语从句中关系代词或关系副词。
A famous writer ∧ was visiting Japan was invited to give a lecture to a group of college students.who/that
5.缺连接词。
I told Mother,Father,Sister,∧ all my friends here what a great time I had.and
6.缺动词不定式。
My parents love me dearly of course and will do all;they can ∧ make sure that I get a good education.to
(二)多词(小词)。
1.受母语影响,出现汉语式结构,造成冗言。
Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit to an American family.time
2.不明词义内容,造成词义重复。
By now,he hasn’t returned back the money.back
3.多介词。
In fact,they are planning to visit China in next year.in
4.多助动词、系动词、情态动词、副词和冠词。
Great changes have been taken place since 1990.been
Now I can’t watch television,but a few years ago I was used to watch it every night.was
I followed her advice and should put down 100 words or so each day.should
5.插入干扰性的关系代词或关系副词,旨在考查句法。
In some places you may borrow as many books as you want,but in other places where you are limited to a certain number.where
6插入干扰性代词,旨在考查词组。
Like most of my classmates,I have neither brothers no sisters——in any other words,I am only a child.any
7.行文逻辑上也可设置多词项。
First,let me tell you something more about myself.more
(三)错词(注意几个一致性)。
1.时态错误,解题时考生应借助于特定语境、特定时间状语、特定句意及逻辑关系或连词的对称性原则正确调整时态。
We have a good time talking and laughing together.had
2.名词的数,名词错误主要体现在名词单复数错误,确定名词单复数有以下几种方法:看修饰语;看主谓语一致性;可数名词前无单数修饰语一定要用复数;看其它限制。
They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question.questions
3.错误主要为形容词与副词混用错误,解题时应把握形容词与副词本身的区别:修饰联系动词及名词用形容词;修饰行为动词、形容词、过去分词及整个句子用副词。
Also, the sport teaches us the important of obedience.importance
4.主谓一致错误,主谓语一致错误常设计为主语为复数动词却用单数,或主语为单数动词却用复数。解题时考生应认真分析主语的单复数,并配之以单复数形式正确的动词。
Now my picture and the prize is hanging in the library.are
5.代词的一致和误用,解题时考生应细心分析每个动作的执行者与承受者,从而准确确定人称代词。
The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.their
6.非谓语动词的错误,非谓语动词错误主要表现为动词与非谓语动词混用错误及非谓语动词各种形式混用错误。考生应注意只要不作谓语就不能用动词形式而只能用非谓语动词形式,并要学会根据非谓语成分选用非谓语动词形式。尤其值得一提的是,主语或宾语由不定式或动名词担任,目的状语由不定式担任,而伴随状语则由现在分词担任。
... but now I’am interesting in football.interested
7.连词的误用,出现并列句和主从复合句时,考生应分析句子逻辑关系。出现定语从句时,考生应分析先行词在从句中的作用,从而正确使用连词。
Some wanted to see the program while others preferred another one.one