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一、现在完成时的构成
现在完成时由“助动词have / has + 动词的过去分词”构成。have not常缩写为haven’t,has not常缩写为hasn’t。现在完成时的肯定句、否定句和一般疑问句及答语分别为:
肯定句:主语 + have / has + 动词过去分词 + 其他。如:
I have already finished all the work. 我已经完成了所有的工作。
否定句:主语 + haven’t / hasn’t + 动词过去分词 + 其他。如:
It’s time for class, but Linda hasn’t come yet. 上课时间到了,但琳达还没有来。
一般疑问句:Have / Has + 主语 + 动词过去分词 + 其他?肯定回答为:Yes, 主语 + have / has。否定回答为:No, 主语 + haven’t / hasn’t。如:
—Have you visited the history museum yet? 你已经参观过历史博物馆了吗?
—Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. 是的,我参观过了。/ 不,我没有参观过。
[助动词have和has可以和前面的主语缩略为’ve和’s,如:they’ve, she’s, it’s等。][注意]
二、现在完成时的用法
1. 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常和just、already、yet、ever、never、so far等连用。如:
So far, we have already learned ten English songs. 到目前为止,我们已经学了10首英文歌曲。
—Have you found him yet? 你已经找到他了吗?
—No, he has probably gone home. 没有,他或许已经回家了。
2. 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作或状态,常和for或since引导的表示一段时间的时间状语连用,即“现在完成时 + for + 时间段”或“现在完成时 + since + 过去的时间点 / 从句”。如:
The Greens have owned the building for over ten years. 格林一家拥有这幢楼房已经10多年了。
Paul has had a headache since yesterday. 保罗从昨天开始就头疼。
Since he got to Beijing, he has worked there. 自从他到了北京就一直在那儿工作。
现在完成时中,如果有since / for...出现,其主句的谓语动词通常用延续性动词。如果是短暂性动词,常常把它转化为相应的延续性动词。常见的转化方式有:
(1) 转化为其他动词:buy→ have、borrow→ keep、become→ be等。
(2) 转化为“be + 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语”:begin / start→ be on、close→ be closed、die→ be dead、finish→ be over、marry→ be married、sleep→ be asleep、return→ be back、arrive→ be here、leave / go→ be away等。
[短暫性动词的否定形式可以和since / for ...搭配使用。如:
I haven’t seen Susan for months. 我好几个月没有看到苏珊了。][注意]
三、have been to、have gone to和have been in的含义
have been to表示“曾经到过某地”,但现在人已经不在那里了;have gone to表示“已经去某地了”,说话时人已不在现场,可能在去某地的途中也可能已经到达目的地;have been in常与表示一段时间的状语连用,表示“在某地待了多长时间”。如:
I have never been to South Africa. 我从来没有去过南非。
Mrs. Green isn’t in the office. She has gone to the library. 格林夫人不在办公室,她已经去图书馆了。
They have been in Shandong for ten years. 他们已经在山东10年了。
[当have been to和have gone to后接home、here、there等地点副词时,to要省略。][注意]
四、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能直接和表示过去某一时间的时间状语连用,如:yesterday、last night、three weeks ago、in 2007等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,强调的是过去的情况,它可以和表示过去某一时间的时间状语连用。如:
I have been to Beijing. 我去过北京。(我对北京有所了解)
I went to Beijing last year. 我去年去过北京。(只说我去年去过北京,不涉及现在的情况)
She has lived here since 2008. 2008年以来她一直住在这里。(她现在还住在这里) She lived here in 2008. 2008年她住在这里。(不涉及现在她是否还住在这里)
[真题回放]
1. (2020 ·北京) We_________________each other since I came to Beijing, but we send emails very often.
A. don’t see B. didn’t see C. won’t see D. haven’t seen
【答案与解析】D. 由时间状语since I came to Being可判断,句中的谓语动词要用现在完成时,其否定句是在have或has后加not,故选D。
2. (2020·天津)—The book is popular. _____________you_____________it yet?
—Yes, I have.
A. Are; reading B. Were; reading C. Have; read D. Will; read
【答案与解析】C. 由完成时标志词yet可判断,句中的谓语动词要用现在完成时,其一般疑问句是将have或has提至句首,故选C。
3. (2020·甘肅·天水) —The Whites have_____________Hong Kong.
—Oh, really? I have never ______ there before.
A. been to; gone B. gone to; been C. been to; gone to D. gone to; been to
【答案与解析】B. have gone to意为“已经去某地了”,have been to意为“曾经到过某地”。当两者后接地点副词时,to要省略。根据语境,可确定答案选B。
[即时演练]
一、单项选择。
1. (2020·四川·凉山) —It’s 20 years since we came back to Liangshan.
—How time flies! We_____________in our hometown for such a long time.
A. work B. worked C. has worked D. have worked
2. (2020·辽宁·丹东) —Mum, where is dad?
—He_____________the supermarket.
A. was going to B. has gone to C. has been to D. is going to
3. (2020·江苏·南通) Mr. Jiang_____________the company to develop the 5G network for years. Now he works as the chief engineer in it.
A. joined B. was a member of
C. has joined D. has been a member of
4. (2020·江苏·宿迁) —Do you know Sunshine Town very well, Mr. Chen?
—Sure. I_____________here since I was born.
A. has lived B. lived C. have lived D. lives
5. (2020·辽宁·营口) Not only Jim but also Lucy_____________a few cities since they came to China.
A. will visit B. visited C. have visited D. has visited
二、按要求改写下列句子,每空一词。
1. Bob borrowed the book two days ago. (改为同义句)
Bob_______________________________________the book__________________________two days.
2. My father has already made a toy car for me. (改为否定句)
My father__________________________a toy car for me__________________________.
3. I have communicated with that new student. (改为一般疑问句)
____________________________________________________with that new student?
4. The boy has been to Qingdao once. (对画线部分提问)
____________________________________________________has the boy been to Qingdao?
5. It has been half a year since Alan came to Beijing. (改为同义句)
Alan_______________________________________Beijing for half a year.
参考答案:
一、1~5 DBDCD
二、1. has kept; for 2. hasn’t made; yet 3. Have you communicated 4. How many times 5. has been in
现在完成时由“助动词have / has + 动词的过去分词”构成。have not常缩写为haven’t,has not常缩写为hasn’t。现在完成时的肯定句、否定句和一般疑问句及答语分别为:
肯定句:主语 + have / has + 动词过去分词 + 其他。如:
I have already finished all the work. 我已经完成了所有的工作。
否定句:主语 + haven’t / hasn’t + 动词过去分词 + 其他。如:
It’s time for class, but Linda hasn’t come yet. 上课时间到了,但琳达还没有来。
一般疑问句:Have / Has + 主语 + 动词过去分词 + 其他?肯定回答为:Yes, 主语 + have / has。否定回答为:No, 主语 + haven’t / hasn’t。如:
—Have you visited the history museum yet? 你已经参观过历史博物馆了吗?
—Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t. 是的,我参观过了。/ 不,我没有参观过。
[助动词have和has可以和前面的主语缩略为’ve和’s,如:they’ve, she’s, it’s等。][注意]
二、现在完成时的用法
1. 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,常和just、already、yet、ever、never、so far等连用。如:
So far, we have already learned ten English songs. 到目前为止,我们已经学了10首英文歌曲。
—Have you found him yet? 你已经找到他了吗?
—No, he has probably gone home. 没有,他或许已经回家了。
2. 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作或状态,常和for或since引导的表示一段时间的时间状语连用,即“现在完成时 + for + 时间段”或“现在完成时 + since + 过去的时间点 / 从句”。如:
The Greens have owned the building for over ten years. 格林一家拥有这幢楼房已经10多年了。
Paul has had a headache since yesterday. 保罗从昨天开始就头疼。
Since he got to Beijing, he has worked there. 自从他到了北京就一直在那儿工作。
现在完成时中,如果有since / for...出现,其主句的谓语动词通常用延续性动词。如果是短暂性动词,常常把它转化为相应的延续性动词。常见的转化方式有:
(1) 转化为其他动词:buy→ have、borrow→ keep、become→ be等。
(2) 转化为“be + 形容词 / 副词 / 介词短语”:begin / start→ be on、close→ be closed、die→ be dead、finish→ be over、marry→ be married、sleep→ be asleep、return→ be back、arrive→ be here、leave / go→ be away等。
[短暫性动词的否定形式可以和since / for ...搭配使用。如:
I haven’t seen Susan for months. 我好几个月没有看到苏珊了。][注意]
三、have been to、have gone to和have been in的含义
have been to表示“曾经到过某地”,但现在人已经不在那里了;have gone to表示“已经去某地了”,说话时人已不在现场,可能在去某地的途中也可能已经到达目的地;have been in常与表示一段时间的状语连用,表示“在某地待了多长时间”。如:
I have never been to South Africa. 我从来没有去过南非。
Mrs. Green isn’t in the office. She has gone to the library. 格林夫人不在办公室,她已经去图书馆了。
They have been in Shandong for ten years. 他们已经在山东10年了。
[当have been to和have gone to后接home、here、there等地点副词时,to要省略。][注意]
四、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别
现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,强调的是现在的情况,所以它不能直接和表示过去某一时间的时间状语连用,如:yesterday、last night、three weeks ago、in 2007等。而一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态,和现在不发生联系,强调的是过去的情况,它可以和表示过去某一时间的时间状语连用。如:
I have been to Beijing. 我去过北京。(我对北京有所了解)
I went to Beijing last year. 我去年去过北京。(只说我去年去过北京,不涉及现在的情况)
She has lived here since 2008. 2008年以来她一直住在这里。(她现在还住在这里) She lived here in 2008. 2008年她住在这里。(不涉及现在她是否还住在这里)
[真题回放]
1. (2020 ·北京) We_________________each other since I came to Beijing, but we send emails very often.
A. don’t see B. didn’t see C. won’t see D. haven’t seen
【答案与解析】D. 由时间状语since I came to Being可判断,句中的谓语动词要用现在完成时,其否定句是在have或has后加not,故选D。
2. (2020·天津)—The book is popular. _____________you_____________it yet?
—Yes, I have.
A. Are; reading B. Were; reading C. Have; read D. Will; read
【答案与解析】C. 由完成时标志词yet可判断,句中的谓语动词要用现在完成时,其一般疑问句是将have或has提至句首,故选C。
3. (2020·甘肅·天水) —The Whites have_____________Hong Kong.
—Oh, really? I have never ______ there before.
A. been to; gone B. gone to; been C. been to; gone to D. gone to; been to
【答案与解析】B. have gone to意为“已经去某地了”,have been to意为“曾经到过某地”。当两者后接地点副词时,to要省略。根据语境,可确定答案选B。
[即时演练]
一、单项选择。
1. (2020·四川·凉山) —It’s 20 years since we came back to Liangshan.
—How time flies! We_____________in our hometown for such a long time.
A. work B. worked C. has worked D. have worked
2. (2020·辽宁·丹东) —Mum, where is dad?
—He_____________the supermarket.
A. was going to B. has gone to C. has been to D. is going to
3. (2020·江苏·南通) Mr. Jiang_____________the company to develop the 5G network for years. Now he works as the chief engineer in it.
A. joined B. was a member of
C. has joined D. has been a member of
4. (2020·江苏·宿迁) —Do you know Sunshine Town very well, Mr. Chen?
—Sure. I_____________here since I was born.
A. has lived B. lived C. have lived D. lives
5. (2020·辽宁·营口) Not only Jim but also Lucy_____________a few cities since they came to China.
A. will visit B. visited C. have visited D. has visited
二、按要求改写下列句子,每空一词。
1. Bob borrowed the book two days ago. (改为同义句)
Bob_______________________________________the book__________________________two days.
2. My father has already made a toy car for me. (改为否定句)
My father__________________________a toy car for me__________________________.
3. I have communicated with that new student. (改为一般疑问句)
____________________________________________________with that new student?
4. The boy has been to Qingdao once. (对画线部分提问)
____________________________________________________has the boy been to Qingdao?
5. It has been half a year since Alan came to Beijing. (改为同义句)
Alan_______________________________________Beijing for half a year.
参考答案:
一、1~5 DBDCD
二、1. has kept; for 2. hasn’t made; yet 3. Have you communicated 4. How many times 5. has been in