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载人飞船返回舱减速着陆方式的选择直接关系到航天员的生命安全,是载人飞船总体方案设计中至关重要的一个环节。文章调研了美国、俄罗斯等国正在研制的新一代载人飞船减速着陆设计方案,以国际上广泛采用的钝头体外形返回舱减速着陆设计为研究对象,并以7t量级的钝头体外形返回舱减速着陆过程为例,对比分析了群伞减速组合气囊缓冲着陆、群伞减速组合反推发动机缓冲着陆、翼伞减速组合滑撬缓冲着陆、发动机减速组合着陆腿缓冲着陆、群伞减速组合发动机和着陆腿缓冲着陆、群伞减速组合发动机和气囊缓冲着陆等六种减速着陆组合方式的特点,估算了每种组合的系统质量和容积需求,并从系统质量、空间布局、环境适应性、可靠性安全性、舱体损伤程度等方面对不同方案进行了比较分析,为飞船总体设计部门开展返回舱减速着陆方案设计提供参考。
The selection of manned spacecraft decelerating landing mode has a direct bearing on the life safety of astronauts and is a crucial link in the overall design of the manned spacecraft. The article investigates the design scheme of a new generation of manned spacecraft decelerating landing being developed by the United States, Russia and other countries. Taking the blunt body shape decelerating landing design widely used in the world as the research object, The results show that the landing speed of the combined landing retreat cushion landing, the group umbrella deceleration composite landing thrust cushioning landing, the parachute deceleration combination skid landing, the engine deceleration combined landing leg cushioning landing, the group umbrella deceleration combination Engine and landing leg buffering landing, combined umbrella decelerating combination engine and airbag cushioning landing, the system quality and volume requirement of each combination are estimated. The system quality, spatial layout, environmental adaptability, Reliability and safety, cabin damage degree and other aspects of the different programs were compared and analyzed for the spacecraft design department to carry out the return capsule deceleration landing program design reference.