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"With a cup of tea, a cigarette and a newspaper, half a day passes." "You use the gold bowl to eat. The rice is very sweet." "You needn’t pay money for anything." …These are popular words that are used to describe the working conditions of civil servants. When civil servants become younger and younger and they have to bear more and more important responsibilities, the pressure of young civil servants also follows them.
“一杯茶一根烟，一张报纸看半天。”“你们捧的是金饭碗，吃饭香”“你们啥都不用自己花钱”……这些都是曾形容公务员工作状态的流行语。可当公务员队伍越来越年轻化，公务员担当的职责越来越重要的的时候，再加上社会大众给公务员带上了“有色眼镜”，青年公务员的压力也随之而来。
The job of civil servant is not that perfect
公务员职业并不完美
Although the hot wave hasn’t faded, under the bright appearance, civil servants are experiencing multiple pressures such as "working pressure", "promotion pressure", "economic pressure" and "pressure from public opinion". It is understood that in order to improve efficiency in Switzerland, some states have canceled the call of civil servants and use the name of "governmental employees since 2002." This means that the government's relationship with employees is no longer permanent. Through employment by contract, the government may at any time dismiss government employees of poor performance. In Singapore, the level of civil servants’ income is lower than that of private enterprises’ employees. The discipline and the financial constraints are extremely strict. In addition, according to Japanese media reports, compared with ten years ago, the number of Japanese local civil servants who take annual leaves for a long time due to mental illness has increased 2.4 times in 2012, which made a record in the investigation since 1992. According to the minister of propaganda department of the Chinese Communist Youth League of Guizhou Province Jiang Yunli, in the survey of 900 young civil servants in Guizhou in March 2013, it was found that part of the young civil servants lacked self-confidence. Only 15.42% felt very confident. 23.91% felt unconfident. 27.37% thought that civil servants around them were full of passion and confidence. The non-confidence mainly came from their abilities, learning, training, selection, cultivation and etc.
Just as the saying goes, people who drink water know by themselves whether the water is warm or cold. "When people are not civil servants, they feel that civil servants are good jobs. They desire to be civil servants. But when they become civil servants, they find the jobs are not so good." "Besides, in recent years, civil servants are very popular. Chinese people follow the hot wave blindly." Xiao Gao who now works in an unit in Xiangtan in Hunan Province, China believes that many young people don't know why they register for the examination of civil servants. "It is harder and harder to be an official". "People say civil servants are idle. But I work so busily and I am so tired". "The monthly income is only more than 1000 yuan with no benefits"... At present, as the policies and regulations of the welfare and promotion mechanisms are adjusted, public opinions on the work and life of young civil servants in China can be heard without end. A lot of people also begin to think about options of their ways of life.
虽然热潮不减，但是在光鲜的职业外表下，公务员正经历着“工作压力”、“晋升压力”、“经济压力”、“舆论压力”等多重压力。据悉，为了提高办事效率，瑞士自2002年以来，取消了部分州的公务员称呼，改为“政府雇员。”这意味着政府与雇员的关系不再是永久性的，而是通过合同聘用，政府可随时解聘工作业绩差的政府雇员。在新加坡，公务员的收入水平低于私营企业雇员的工资，且纪律和财务约束又极严。此外，据日本媒体报道，与十年前相比，2012年因精神疾病而长期休假的日本地方公务员人数增加了2.4倍，创下了自1992年调查以来的历史最高纪录。据中国共青团贵州省委宣传部部长蒋云丽透露，在2013年3月对贵州省900名青年公务员的调查中发现，部分青年公务员自信不足：感到非常自信的仅15.42%，不自信的23.91%；认为身边公务员充满激情与自信的仅为27.37%。这些不自信主要来自自身能力、学习培训、选拔培养等方面。
正所谓，如人饮水，冷暖自知。“没有进入公务员队伍的，都觉得里面好，削尖了脑袋想进来，进来了又发现不是那么回事。”“再加上这几年公务员热，中国人自古喜欢凑热闹，也就是‘羊群效应’，你考我考大家考，很多人其实是一种盲从。”目前任职于中国湖南湘潭某机关单位的小高认为，很多青年人其实并不清楚自己为什么报考公务员。
“官越来越不好当”、“谁说公务员闲，我是累成狗了”、“月收入只有1000多块，什么福利也没用”……当前，随着公务员工作福利待遇、晋升机制等各项政策和规定的调整，关于中国青年公务员工作状态和生活状态的讨论不绝于耳。很多人也纷纷开始思考自己人生的出路。
Xiao Chen is a civil servant in a customs office in Sanya, Hainan, China. He was from an excellent school. In 2011, with the dream to do something for the people, he participated in the national civil service exam. After the difficulties, he became a civil servant successfully. "I come from the countryside. I am not afraid of bitterness and tiredness. I just want to actually do something for the people." "Civil servants should provide wealth for the society, shouldn’t they?"
At first, Xiao Chen was just like most civil servants at the grass-roots level. He sent newspaper, typewrote and sent water or tea... In his words, he did not do any things associated with the dream. After two years’ work, Xiao Chen said, "Now most of my job is to write speeches for leaders and write work reports. It is really hard to do some practical work. Perhaps someday I will go to the business sector." The half-true answers made people not know whether to laugh or cry. Xiao Chen’s experiences may be an individual case. But it also reflects that the young civil servants’ working conditions and mentalities are in urgent need of guidance and adjustment.
小陈，中国海南三亚某海关单位的一名公务员，在学校里是众人艳羡的“天之骄子”，2011年，怀抱着为人民群众做点实事的理想参加国家公务员考试，过五关、斩六将后，顺利成为一名公务员。“我从农村来的，不怕苦，不怕累，我当初确实是怀着切切实实做点事的理想来的”,“公务员不就应该是为社会创造财富的提供者吗？”
起初，小陈和大多数基层公务员一样，发报纸、打字、端茶送水……用他的话说，就是没做一点跟理想相关的事情。工作两年后，小陈坦言,“现在我大部分时间就是帮领导写讲话稿、写工作报告，要真正做点实事还是挺难的，除非下基层，说不定哪天我就下海了”。这句半真半假的回答，让人啼笑皆非。小陈的经历，或许只是个案，但也反映了青年公务员的工作状态和心态都亟需引导和调整。 Every trade has its masters
三百六十行，行行出状元
“Pressure is common in every age and in every group. If the policy is proper, youth civil servants' growing pains will be transformed into the deep motivation for the future development of the state," said Tao Lianghu, Executive Vice President of School of Administration in Hubei province in China.
In 2014, a paper entitled “Problems of Civil Servants Are in Urgent Need to Be Solved” on China Science Daily pointed out that only by establishing a more scientific and reasonable mechanism of employment of civil servants, letting the right people stay in the team of civil servants, and proving those who want to seek a broader stage system a new chance to make their own choices, could young civil servants break through the siege and have a correct understanding of themselves and cognitive career.
As China uses the system of employment under contracts of civil servants, the secure jobs suddenly lose much attraction. "The generation after 80s grew up after the reform and opening up. They generally have a strong sense of self-awareness and personal dream are more eager to obey the call of their hearts and engaged in to do what they like and are good at," said China Workers’ Daily. From the phenomenon of the resignation of civil servants, we can see that people with independent consciousness and personal ideals recognize the urgency of realizing their own value and seek the new stages suitable for themselves.
“压力在每个时代、每个群体身上都普遍存在，如果政策得当，青年公务员所面对的‘成长的烦恼’，将会转化为国家未来发展的深层动力。”中国湖北省行政学院常务副院长陶良虎说。
2014年的开年,《中国科学报》在一篇名为《公务员“围城”亟待破解》的文章中指出，只有建立更为科学合理的公务员进出机制，让合适的人才留在公务员队伍中，同时给那些想要寻求更广阔舞台的体制内人重新选择的机会，青年公务员才能突破围城困扰，进而正确认识自己，认知自己的职业。
随着中国各地纷纷试水聘用制公务员，曾经的“铁饭碗”顿时失去了不少光芒。“成长于改革开放后的80后，普遍有强烈的自我意识和个人梦想，更渴望听从内心的召唤，从事自己喜欢和擅长的工作。”中国《工人日报》分析称。从公务员的辞职现象可以看出，有着独立意识，个人理想的人纷纷认识到实现自身价值的迫切性，寻求新的适合自己的舞台。
We have learned that in Russia, many young people don't think a job is a lifetime career, they think different work experiences can let one develop better. Even if they have the jobs of civil servants which are admired by many people, as long as they find their abilities, interests and jobs do not conform with them, many of them will choose to find other jobs according to their own development needs.
Xia Taotao from Sichuan, China, is a typical "post-85". After graduating from a college in 2009, Xia Taotao decided to return to his hometown to start his own businesses of developing the cultivation of local chickens after serious thoughts. Xia Taotao’s major in the university was science. At first he didn’t know anything about the technology of raising chickens. In order to realize his dream, he bought a lot of books about raising chickens. He learned while doing. Everything comes to him who waits. In August 2013, Xia Taotao and his girlfriend successfully opened an exclusive shop of local chickens. Xia Taotao’s entrepreneurial success makes us believe that as long as young people set up the correct employment view and have good career planning, many jobs besides civil servants can lead to success. At present, encouraging college students to become self-employed is an important aspect of the national government’s employment policies. The Thai government has issued many preferential policies, including providing students of entrepreneurship with some loan subsidies, etc. The French government implements the project of "university students’ enterprise" to encourage the construction of innovative enterprise incubators. Aimed at young entrepreneurs, a series of measures such as tax remission were provided. The government provides young entrepreneurs all kinds support from policies to funds. In terms of encouraging young students to become self-employed, China also provides positive policies such as tax incentives and small loans.
据了解，在俄罗斯，很多青年人认为没有一份工作是一辈子的职业，他们认为不同的工作经验可以让自己发展得更好。即便是羡煞众人的公务员工作，只要发现自己的能力、兴趣与工作岗位不符合，很多青年人都会根据自身发展需要另辟天地。
夏韬滔，来自中国四川，典型的“85后”。2009年大学毕业后，夏韬滔经过认真思考，决定回乡自主创业，发展土鸡养殖事业。毕业于理科专业的夏韬滔，起初对养鸡技术一窍不通。为了达成自己的理想，他买了一大堆养鸡书籍进行研究，边学边干。功夫不负有心人，2013年8月，夏韬滔和女友成功开设了一家土鸡专卖店。夏韬滔的创业成功证明，青年人只要树立正确的就业观，拥有良好的职业规划，并非只有公务员这一条通天大道。
目前，鼓励大学生自主创业是各国政府就业政策的一个重要方面。泰国政府曾出台许多优惠政策，包括给予创业大学生一定贷款补贴等。法国政府实施“大学青年企业”项目，鼓励建设创新企业孵化器，针对青年创业者，更有创业初期减免税费等一系列措施，为青年创业提供从政策到资金的各类支持。中国在鼓励青年学生自主创业方面，也提供税费优惠和小额贷款的利好政策。
Promote youths’ rational employment in various ways
多管其下促进青年理性就业
Just as the saying goes: “It’s easy to draw on white paper.” Recently, many young people find that the profession they take after graduation does not match their dreams. Therefore, many scholars think that schools should organize students to take internships and strengthen the pre-employment training of students. In 2007, Gao Xiaomei, deputy director of Shanghai Intellectual Property Bureau, said: “If students can be inspired to have career planning in college, they are more likely to have enthusiasm and fast development in future work.”
According to the media, in Australia, students take internship and learn “industry experience”, especially for the students of engineering who can graduate only by taking the professional internship of twelve weeks approved by “Australian Engineers Association”. The French government also encourages students to take internship can call this as an indispensible “learning platform”. In 2009, the English government plans to carry out “national learning plan” to help those students who have not found work to have a three-month internship at enterprises or organizations to help them finally obtain employment. In China, although there is no written speculation of internship, many places have trials of intern reserve plans one after another. For instance, Tianjin, China has carried out “double hundred plan of intern reserve” which connects vocational schools with enterprise lack of staff and makes enterprises become the teaching base of college students’ internship. 俗话说,“白纸上好作画”。如今，很多青年人就业后发现从事的职业和自己的理想并不相符。因此，很多专家学者认为，学校方面要多组织学生参与各类实习，加强学生的职前培训。2007年时任中国上海知识产权局副局长高小枚就表示:“如果在大学阶段,就能够启发学生做些职业规划，可能更有利于学生在工作岗位上充满热情，并得到较快的发展”。
据媒体报道，在澳大利亚，大学生通过实习，学习“行业经验”的现象很普遍，特别是工程专业的学生，必须通过“澳大利亚工程师协会”核准的12周专业实习，才能毕业。法国政府也非常鼓励学生实习，称这一行动为必不可少的“学习平台”。2009年，英国政府计划推行“国家实习计划”，帮助未能找到工作的学生到企业或其他机构实习3个月，帮助他们最终实现就业。在中国，岗前实习虽没有明文规定，但很多地市纷纷试水实习生储备计划，如中国天津从2013年开始实施“实习生储备双百计划”，让职业院校与重点缺工企业对接，使企业成为学校学生实习教学基地。
According to the report of relevant media, the Germany government takes protective methods in domestic employment market to reduce the pressure of domestic college graduates in obtaining employment. America has taken many incentive measures to encourage college graduates to go to specific areas or take specific professions. The most common measure is the elimination of student loans. In promotion of youth employment, the Japanese government has taken measures mainly including promoting the openness of recruiting information in the whole society to solve the problem of the information mismatch between employers and job seekers. In 2013, the Chinese government introduced six methods to promote the employment of college students including the implementation of existing policies, the widening of employment channels, the encouragement of entrepreneurship and the implementation of employment support. In order to widen the range of youth employment, the Chinese government encourages college graduates to work at the basic level and the areas of harsh conditions and various enterprises especially small and medium sized enterprises and private enterprises to employ college graduates and offer services like entrepreneurship training and guidance.
In addition, many countries pay attention to vocational education, set up majors favorable to youth employment and try their best to cultivate young people in line with market requirements. In recent years, the American government has strengthened the supervision of profitable vocational schools to make the students better matched with the requirements of society. Swedish vocational schools require that theory should be combined with practice, emphasize that students should “learn through work” and try their best to provide employment opportunities for students. Russian vocational education has a fast development. In 2012, President Putin emphasized the establishment of new teaching centers of practical skills. In addition, the Russian government also offers teaching subsidy loans for financial support. If students participate in additional vocational training, the school can get financial aid. 同时，据有关媒体报道，德国政府在国内就业市场上采取保护性措施，减轻本国高校毕业生在就业方面的压力。美国为了鼓励大学毕业生到特定的地区或从事特定的职业，采取了许多激励措施，其中最为常见的做法就是免除学生的贷款。在促进青年人就业方面，日本政府采取的主要做法是最大限度地促进全社会的雇用信息公开化，以解决用人单位和求职者的信息不对称问题。2013年，中国政府出台六大举措，促进青年大学生就业，包括落实现有政策，拓宽就业渠道，鼓励自主创业，开展就业帮扶等。为扩大青年学生的就业范围，中国政府鼓励大学毕业生到基层和艰苦地区工作，鼓励各类企事业单位特别是中小企业和民营企业聘用高校毕业生，并组织开展创业培训、开业指导等服务。
此外，不少国家注重从职业教育入手，开辟利于青年社会就业的专业，尽量为社会输出符合市场需求的青年岗位能手。近年来，美国政府加强对以盈利为目的的职业院校的监管，使其培养的学生更符合就业市场的需要。同时，鼓励年轻人从事志愿工作，通过参加社区服务，帮助他们融入社会。瑞典的职业教育学校要求理论联系实际，强调“在工作中学习”，尽可能地为学生提供就业机会。俄罗斯职业教育发展迅速，2012年，俄罗斯总统普京强调要在一些综合性职业学院建立新的实用技能教学中心。另外，国家在财政扶持上，最主要的是教学补助款项，如果学生参加额外教育培训，学院还可得到资金补助。
Postscripts:
编后语：
Fan Zhongyan, an officer of the Northern Song dynasty in China, said: “Be the first to show concern and the last to enjoy oneself.” “Putting public interest before self-interest” should be the quality that civil servants have. The couplet on the door of Guang Zhou Huangpu Military Academy founded by Sun Yat-sen, democratic revolutionist in Modern China, said, “If you want promotion and fortune, don't take this path; If you cling to life and fear death, don't enter this door.”
Once an occupation planner analyzed that those who pursue rapid success and do not have good communication skills or clear goals were not qualified for civil servants. Civil servants should be people who are willing to provide convenience for people and create fortune for society. If a national civil servant imagines having endless wealth and high position, as a result, he will be indulged in luxuries and dissipation life.
中国北宋官员范仲淹说:“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”。“先公后私”才是公务员该有的担当。近代中国的民主革命家孙中山先生创办的广州黄埔军校大门口的对联说，“升官发财请走别路，贪生怕死莫入此门”。
曾有职业规划师分析，追求事业上有快速回报者，不善于人际交往者，自身职业目标不清的“凑热闹”者都不适合做公务员。公务员队伍需要的是能够为人民提供便利，为社会创造财富，能够如“螺丝钉”一样在某个位置发光发热的人。欲取之必先予之。如果一个国家的公务员，一味贪图享乐，幻想一朝进城门，从此荣华富贵享乐不尽。长此以往，也将迷失在纸醉金迷中。
Youths are the future of a state and the hope of a nation. Throughout employment policies, all countries spare no effort to provide the optimum terms for the youth employment. Therefore, youths should make full use of their own personalities and abilities to choose jobs rationally and grasp the employment opportunities provided by the national governments to create wealth for society and realize their personal values.
青年是国家的未来，是民族的希望。纵观各国促进青年就业政策，各国政府都在竭尽全力为青年就业、创业创造最有利的条件。因此，青年人应该根据自身性格、能力，理性择业，抓住各国政府提供的就业先机，努力为社会创造财富，才能实现个人价值，国家才会更加安定和繁荣。
“一杯茶一根烟，一张报纸看半天。”“你们捧的是金饭碗，吃饭香”“你们啥都不用自己花钱”……这些都是曾形容公务员工作状态的流行语。可当公务员队伍越来越年轻化，公务员担当的职责越来越重要的的时候，再加上社会大众给公务员带上了“有色眼镜”，青年公务员的压力也随之而来。
The job of civil servant is not that perfect
公务员职业并不完美
Although the hot wave hasn’t faded, under the bright appearance, civil servants are experiencing multiple pressures such as "working pressure", "promotion pressure", "economic pressure" and "pressure from public opinion". It is understood that in order to improve efficiency in Switzerland, some states have canceled the call of civil servants and use the name of "governmental employees since 2002." This means that the government's relationship with employees is no longer permanent. Through employment by contract, the government may at any time dismiss government employees of poor performance. In Singapore, the level of civil servants’ income is lower than that of private enterprises’ employees. The discipline and the financial constraints are extremely strict. In addition, according to Japanese media reports, compared with ten years ago, the number of Japanese local civil servants who take annual leaves for a long time due to mental illness has increased 2.4 times in 2012, which made a record in the investigation since 1992. According to the minister of propaganda department of the Chinese Communist Youth League of Guizhou Province Jiang Yunli, in the survey of 900 young civil servants in Guizhou in March 2013, it was found that part of the young civil servants lacked self-confidence. Only 15.42% felt very confident. 23.91% felt unconfident. 27.37% thought that civil servants around them were full of passion and confidence. The non-confidence mainly came from their abilities, learning, training, selection, cultivation and etc.
Just as the saying goes, people who drink water know by themselves whether the water is warm or cold. "When people are not civil servants, they feel that civil servants are good jobs. They desire to be civil servants. But when they become civil servants, they find the jobs are not so good." "Besides, in recent years, civil servants are very popular. Chinese people follow the hot wave blindly." Xiao Gao who now works in an unit in Xiangtan in Hunan Province, China believes that many young people don't know why they register for the examination of civil servants. "It is harder and harder to be an official". "People say civil servants are idle. But I work so busily and I am so tired". "The monthly income is only more than 1000 yuan with no benefits"... At present, as the policies and regulations of the welfare and promotion mechanisms are adjusted, public opinions on the work and life of young civil servants in China can be heard without end. A lot of people also begin to think about options of their ways of life.
虽然热潮不减，但是在光鲜的职业外表下，公务员正经历着“工作压力”、“晋升压力”、“经济压力”、“舆论压力”等多重压力。据悉，为了提高办事效率，瑞士自2002年以来，取消了部分州的公务员称呼，改为“政府雇员。”这意味着政府与雇员的关系不再是永久性的，而是通过合同聘用，政府可随时解聘工作业绩差的政府雇员。在新加坡，公务员的收入水平低于私营企业雇员的工资，且纪律和财务约束又极严。此外，据日本媒体报道，与十年前相比，2012年因精神疾病而长期休假的日本地方公务员人数增加了2.4倍，创下了自1992年调查以来的历史最高纪录。据中国共青团贵州省委宣传部部长蒋云丽透露，在2013年3月对贵州省900名青年公务员的调查中发现，部分青年公务员自信不足：感到非常自信的仅15.42%，不自信的23.91%；认为身边公务员充满激情与自信的仅为27.37%。这些不自信主要来自自身能力、学习培训、选拔培养等方面。
正所谓，如人饮水，冷暖自知。“没有进入公务员队伍的，都觉得里面好，削尖了脑袋想进来，进来了又发现不是那么回事。”“再加上这几年公务员热，中国人自古喜欢凑热闹，也就是‘羊群效应’，你考我考大家考，很多人其实是一种盲从。”目前任职于中国湖南湘潭某机关单位的小高认为，很多青年人其实并不清楚自己为什么报考公务员。
“官越来越不好当”、“谁说公务员闲，我是累成狗了”、“月收入只有1000多块，什么福利也没用”……当前，随着公务员工作福利待遇、晋升机制等各项政策和规定的调整，关于中国青年公务员工作状态和生活状态的讨论不绝于耳。很多人也纷纷开始思考自己人生的出路。
Xiao Chen is a civil servant in a customs office in Sanya, Hainan, China. He was from an excellent school. In 2011, with the dream to do something for the people, he participated in the national civil service exam. After the difficulties, he became a civil servant successfully. "I come from the countryside. I am not afraid of bitterness and tiredness. I just want to actually do something for the people." "Civil servants should provide wealth for the society, shouldn’t they?"
At first, Xiao Chen was just like most civil servants at the grass-roots level. He sent newspaper, typewrote and sent water or tea... In his words, he did not do any things associated with the dream. After two years’ work, Xiao Chen said, "Now most of my job is to write speeches for leaders and write work reports. It is really hard to do some practical work. Perhaps someday I will go to the business sector." The half-true answers made people not know whether to laugh or cry. Xiao Chen’s experiences may be an individual case. But it also reflects that the young civil servants’ working conditions and mentalities are in urgent need of guidance and adjustment.
小陈，中国海南三亚某海关单位的一名公务员，在学校里是众人艳羡的“天之骄子”，2011年，怀抱着为人民群众做点实事的理想参加国家公务员考试，过五关、斩六将后，顺利成为一名公务员。“我从农村来的，不怕苦，不怕累，我当初确实是怀着切切实实做点事的理想来的”,“公务员不就应该是为社会创造财富的提供者吗？”
起初，小陈和大多数基层公务员一样，发报纸、打字、端茶送水……用他的话说，就是没做一点跟理想相关的事情。工作两年后，小陈坦言,“现在我大部分时间就是帮领导写讲话稿、写工作报告，要真正做点实事还是挺难的，除非下基层，说不定哪天我就下海了”。这句半真半假的回答，让人啼笑皆非。小陈的经历，或许只是个案，但也反映了青年公务员的工作状态和心态都亟需引导和调整。 Every trade has its masters
三百六十行，行行出状元
“Pressure is common in every age and in every group. If the policy is proper, youth civil servants' growing pains will be transformed into the deep motivation for the future development of the state," said Tao Lianghu, Executive Vice President of School of Administration in Hubei province in China.
In 2014, a paper entitled “Problems of Civil Servants Are in Urgent Need to Be Solved” on China Science Daily pointed out that only by establishing a more scientific and reasonable mechanism of employment of civil servants, letting the right people stay in the team of civil servants, and proving those who want to seek a broader stage system a new chance to make their own choices, could young civil servants break through the siege and have a correct understanding of themselves and cognitive career.
As China uses the system of employment under contracts of civil servants, the secure jobs suddenly lose much attraction. "The generation after 80s grew up after the reform and opening up. They generally have a strong sense of self-awareness and personal dream are more eager to obey the call of their hearts and engaged in to do what they like and are good at," said China Workers’ Daily. From the phenomenon of the resignation of civil servants, we can see that people with independent consciousness and personal ideals recognize the urgency of realizing their own value and seek the new stages suitable for themselves.
“压力在每个时代、每个群体身上都普遍存在，如果政策得当，青年公务员所面对的‘成长的烦恼’，将会转化为国家未来发展的深层动力。”中国湖北省行政学院常务副院长陶良虎说。
2014年的开年,《中国科学报》在一篇名为《公务员“围城”亟待破解》的文章中指出，只有建立更为科学合理的公务员进出机制，让合适的人才留在公务员队伍中，同时给那些想要寻求更广阔舞台的体制内人重新选择的机会，青年公务员才能突破围城困扰，进而正确认识自己，认知自己的职业。
随着中国各地纷纷试水聘用制公务员，曾经的“铁饭碗”顿时失去了不少光芒。“成长于改革开放后的80后，普遍有强烈的自我意识和个人梦想，更渴望听从内心的召唤，从事自己喜欢和擅长的工作。”中国《工人日报》分析称。从公务员的辞职现象可以看出，有着独立意识，个人理想的人纷纷认识到实现自身价值的迫切性，寻求新的适合自己的舞台。
We have learned that in Russia, many young people don't think a job is a lifetime career, they think different work experiences can let one develop better. Even if they have the jobs of civil servants which are admired by many people, as long as they find their abilities, interests and jobs do not conform with them, many of them will choose to find other jobs according to their own development needs.
Xia Taotao from Sichuan, China, is a typical "post-85". After graduating from a college in 2009, Xia Taotao decided to return to his hometown to start his own businesses of developing the cultivation of local chickens after serious thoughts. Xia Taotao’s major in the university was science. At first he didn’t know anything about the technology of raising chickens. In order to realize his dream, he bought a lot of books about raising chickens. He learned while doing. Everything comes to him who waits. In August 2013, Xia Taotao and his girlfriend successfully opened an exclusive shop of local chickens. Xia Taotao’s entrepreneurial success makes us believe that as long as young people set up the correct employment view and have good career planning, many jobs besides civil servants can lead to success. At present, encouraging college students to become self-employed is an important aspect of the national government’s employment policies. The Thai government has issued many preferential policies, including providing students of entrepreneurship with some loan subsidies, etc. The French government implements the project of "university students’ enterprise" to encourage the construction of innovative enterprise incubators. Aimed at young entrepreneurs, a series of measures such as tax remission were provided. The government provides young entrepreneurs all kinds support from policies to funds. In terms of encouraging young students to become self-employed, China also provides positive policies such as tax incentives and small loans.
据了解，在俄罗斯，很多青年人认为没有一份工作是一辈子的职业，他们认为不同的工作经验可以让自己发展得更好。即便是羡煞众人的公务员工作，只要发现自己的能力、兴趣与工作岗位不符合，很多青年人都会根据自身发展需要另辟天地。
夏韬滔，来自中国四川，典型的“85后”。2009年大学毕业后，夏韬滔经过认真思考，决定回乡自主创业，发展土鸡养殖事业。毕业于理科专业的夏韬滔，起初对养鸡技术一窍不通。为了达成自己的理想，他买了一大堆养鸡书籍进行研究，边学边干。功夫不负有心人，2013年8月，夏韬滔和女友成功开设了一家土鸡专卖店。夏韬滔的创业成功证明，青年人只要树立正确的就业观，拥有良好的职业规划，并非只有公务员这一条通天大道。
目前，鼓励大学生自主创业是各国政府就业政策的一个重要方面。泰国政府曾出台许多优惠政策，包括给予创业大学生一定贷款补贴等。法国政府实施“大学青年企业”项目，鼓励建设创新企业孵化器，针对青年创业者，更有创业初期减免税费等一系列措施，为青年创业提供从政策到资金的各类支持。中国在鼓励青年学生自主创业方面，也提供税费优惠和小额贷款的利好政策。
Promote youths’ rational employment in various ways
多管其下促进青年理性就业
Just as the saying goes: “It’s easy to draw on white paper.” Recently, many young people find that the profession they take after graduation does not match their dreams. Therefore, many scholars think that schools should organize students to take internships and strengthen the pre-employment training of students. In 2007, Gao Xiaomei, deputy director of Shanghai Intellectual Property Bureau, said: “If students can be inspired to have career planning in college, they are more likely to have enthusiasm and fast development in future work.”
According to the media, in Australia, students take internship and learn “industry experience”, especially for the students of engineering who can graduate only by taking the professional internship of twelve weeks approved by “Australian Engineers Association”. The French government also encourages students to take internship can call this as an indispensible “learning platform”. In 2009, the English government plans to carry out “national learning plan” to help those students who have not found work to have a three-month internship at enterprises or organizations to help them finally obtain employment. In China, although there is no written speculation of internship, many places have trials of intern reserve plans one after another. For instance, Tianjin, China has carried out “double hundred plan of intern reserve” which connects vocational schools with enterprise lack of staff and makes enterprises become the teaching base of college students’ internship. 俗话说,“白纸上好作画”。如今，很多青年人就业后发现从事的职业和自己的理想并不相符。因此，很多专家学者认为，学校方面要多组织学生参与各类实习，加强学生的职前培训。2007年时任中国上海知识产权局副局长高小枚就表示:“如果在大学阶段,就能够启发学生做些职业规划，可能更有利于学生在工作岗位上充满热情，并得到较快的发展”。
据媒体报道，在澳大利亚，大学生通过实习，学习“行业经验”的现象很普遍，特别是工程专业的学生，必须通过“澳大利亚工程师协会”核准的12周专业实习，才能毕业。法国政府也非常鼓励学生实习，称这一行动为必不可少的“学习平台”。2009年，英国政府计划推行“国家实习计划”，帮助未能找到工作的学生到企业或其他机构实习3个月，帮助他们最终实现就业。在中国，岗前实习虽没有明文规定，但很多地市纷纷试水实习生储备计划，如中国天津从2013年开始实施“实习生储备双百计划”，让职业院校与重点缺工企业对接，使企业成为学校学生实习教学基地。
According to the report of relevant media, the Germany government takes protective methods in domestic employment market to reduce the pressure of domestic college graduates in obtaining employment. America has taken many incentive measures to encourage college graduates to go to specific areas or take specific professions. The most common measure is the elimination of student loans. In promotion of youth employment, the Japanese government has taken measures mainly including promoting the openness of recruiting information in the whole society to solve the problem of the information mismatch between employers and job seekers. In 2013, the Chinese government introduced six methods to promote the employment of college students including the implementation of existing policies, the widening of employment channels, the encouragement of entrepreneurship and the implementation of employment support. In order to widen the range of youth employment, the Chinese government encourages college graduates to work at the basic level and the areas of harsh conditions and various enterprises especially small and medium sized enterprises and private enterprises to employ college graduates and offer services like entrepreneurship training and guidance.
In addition, many countries pay attention to vocational education, set up majors favorable to youth employment and try their best to cultivate young people in line with market requirements. In recent years, the American government has strengthened the supervision of profitable vocational schools to make the students better matched with the requirements of society. Swedish vocational schools require that theory should be combined with practice, emphasize that students should “learn through work” and try their best to provide employment opportunities for students. Russian vocational education has a fast development. In 2012, President Putin emphasized the establishment of new teaching centers of practical skills. In addition, the Russian government also offers teaching subsidy loans for financial support. If students participate in additional vocational training, the school can get financial aid. 同时，据有关媒体报道，德国政府在国内就业市场上采取保护性措施，减轻本国高校毕业生在就业方面的压力。美国为了鼓励大学毕业生到特定的地区或从事特定的职业，采取了许多激励措施，其中最为常见的做法就是免除学生的贷款。在促进青年人就业方面，日本政府采取的主要做法是最大限度地促进全社会的雇用信息公开化，以解决用人单位和求职者的信息不对称问题。2013年，中国政府出台六大举措，促进青年大学生就业，包括落实现有政策，拓宽就业渠道，鼓励自主创业，开展就业帮扶等。为扩大青年学生的就业范围，中国政府鼓励大学毕业生到基层和艰苦地区工作，鼓励各类企事业单位特别是中小企业和民营企业聘用高校毕业生，并组织开展创业培训、开业指导等服务。
此外，不少国家注重从职业教育入手，开辟利于青年社会就业的专业，尽量为社会输出符合市场需求的青年岗位能手。近年来，美国政府加强对以盈利为目的的职业院校的监管，使其培养的学生更符合就业市场的需要。同时，鼓励年轻人从事志愿工作，通过参加社区服务，帮助他们融入社会。瑞典的职业教育学校要求理论联系实际，强调“在工作中学习”，尽可能地为学生提供就业机会。俄罗斯职业教育发展迅速，2012年，俄罗斯总统普京强调要在一些综合性职业学院建立新的实用技能教学中心。另外，国家在财政扶持上，最主要的是教学补助款项，如果学生参加额外教育培训，学院还可得到资金补助。
Postscripts:
编后语：
Fan Zhongyan, an officer of the Northern Song dynasty in China, said: “Be the first to show concern and the last to enjoy oneself.” “Putting public interest before self-interest” should be the quality that civil servants have. The couplet on the door of Guang Zhou Huangpu Military Academy founded by Sun Yat-sen, democratic revolutionist in Modern China, said, “If you want promotion and fortune, don't take this path; If you cling to life and fear death, don't enter this door.”
Once an occupation planner analyzed that those who pursue rapid success and do not have good communication skills or clear goals were not qualified for civil servants. Civil servants should be people who are willing to provide convenience for people and create fortune for society. If a national civil servant imagines having endless wealth and high position, as a result, he will be indulged in luxuries and dissipation life.
中国北宋官员范仲淹说:“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”。“先公后私”才是公务员该有的担当。近代中国的民主革命家孙中山先生创办的广州黄埔军校大门口的对联说，“升官发财请走别路，贪生怕死莫入此门”。
曾有职业规划师分析，追求事业上有快速回报者，不善于人际交往者，自身职业目标不清的“凑热闹”者都不适合做公务员。公务员队伍需要的是能够为人民提供便利，为社会创造财富，能够如“螺丝钉”一样在某个位置发光发热的人。欲取之必先予之。如果一个国家的公务员，一味贪图享乐，幻想一朝进城门，从此荣华富贵享乐不尽。长此以往，也将迷失在纸醉金迷中。
Youths are the future of a state and the hope of a nation. Throughout employment policies, all countries spare no effort to provide the optimum terms for the youth employment. Therefore, youths should make full use of their own personalities and abilities to choose jobs rationally and grasp the employment opportunities provided by the national governments to create wealth for society and realize their personal values.
青年是国家的未来，是民族的希望。纵观各国促进青年就业政策，各国政府都在竭尽全力为青年就业、创业创造最有利的条件。因此，青年人应该根据自身性格、能力，理性择业，抓住各国政府提供的就业先机，努力为社会创造财富，才能实现个人价值，国家才会更加安定和繁荣。