Objective: To observe the effect of aripiprazole and olanzapine on the cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia in order to provide a reference evidence for the clinical medication. Methods: A total of 60 patients with schizophrenia who were admitted in our hospital were included in the study and randomized into the treatment 1 group and treatment 2 group. The patients in the two groups were given aripiprazole and olanzapine, respectively. PANSS, WCST, DS, IGT, and EIRT were used to evaluate the disease condition and cognitive function before and after treatment in the two groups. Results: Comparision of PANSS scores and other various scores before treatment between the two groups was not significantly different (P>0.05); however, PANSS scores and other various scores after treatment were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Comparision of PANSS scores and other various scores after treatment between the two groups was not significantly different (P>0.05). DS, WCST, and IGT scores before treatment between the two groups was comparable (P>0.05), and those scores after treatment were significantly elevated (P<0.05). DS score after treatment in the treatment 2 group was significantly higher than that in the treatment 1 group (P<0.05). Comparison of WCST and IGT scores after treatment between the two groups was not significantly different (P>0.05). The four cognition scores of happiness, fear, anger, and disgust after treatment in the treatment 1 group were significantly elevated (P<0.05), while the cognition of happiness and sadness after treatment in the treatment 2 group was significantly elevated when compared with before treatment (P<0.05). The comparison of various scores before and after treatment between the two groups was not significantly different (P>0.05). Conclusions: Aripiprazole and olanzapine can improve the clinical symptoms and partial cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia, while aripiprazole can make a better effect on the work and memory.