绪言这篇论文讨论技术变化及组织范围:一是现代工业组织如何适应技术变化;二是新组织形式的发展;三是这些新形式如何与新技术发展相适应。要考察各种组织中的技术变化,必须更具体地考察特定技术,而且要去具体地考察特定的组织类型。这篇论文主要基于个人的经验和考察,许多观点尚属推测性的,它们尚未经受系统研究的检验。作为标准操作程序的技术变化当技术被看作一种有组织的活动而不是作为一整套组织措施来考虑时,将出现一幅不同的图景。技术变化表现出一种固有的有组织的社会过程。虽然个人可以发明技术,但由个人通过诸如携带新技术到市场上的方式来亲自实现某个新技术的情况是极少的。让我们更具体地考察一下技术的性质以及这种组织链的基础吧。首先,技术是人类理性的产物之一。它产生于人类为发明出某种手段以满足特定的社会目的或需要而 INTRODUCTION This paper discusses technological changes and the scope of organization: first, how modern industrial organizations adapt to technological changes; second, the development of new organizational forms; and third, how these new forms fit into the development of new technologies. To examine the technological changes in various organizations, one must look more specifically at specific technologies and examine specific types of organizations. This essay is based primarily on personal experience and investigation, many of which are speculative and have not yet been systematically tested. Technological Changes as Standard Operating Procedures A different picture emerges when technology is viewed as an organized activity rather than as a set of organizational measures. Technological change shows an inherently organized social process. While individuals can invent technology, there are few instances when a person personally implements a new technology by, for example, bringing a new technology to market. Let us look more closely at the nature of technology and the foundation of this chain of organization. First, technology is one of the products of human reason. It arises from the way in which man invent something to satisfy a particular social purpose or need