现在人们已经认识到,过去50年,我国大陆实际上已经形成城乡居民两种身份制度、教育制度、就业制度、公共服务制度和财政转移制度。正是这“两种制度”的设计安排和延续,导致了城乡居民人均收入差距日盎扩大。受社会地位、经济贡献、文化素质等方面的限制,农民这一最大的社会群体始终缺乏相应的政治参与权。从全国来看,至今还没有哪个部门对农民负责。没有哪个部门与农民结成经济利益共同体,没有任何组织直接代表农民参与政策制订、替农民说话办事,维护农民的利益,他们在政治决策、财政转移支付、国家投资分配、公共服务提供等方面,缺乏自己的代表,也缺乏社会声音。农民问题的核心之一在于如何处理好国家与农民、政府与农民的关系。我国农村的制度和政策究竟如何变革与调整?这个“革命”应该从规范税收、财政制度开始,继而进行户籍制度、乡镇机构改革等。 Now people have come to realize that in the past 50 years, mainland China has in fact formed two identities, an education system, an employment system, a public service system and a fiscal transfer system for urban and rural residents. It is the design and continuation of the “two systems” that have led to the widening of the per capita income gap between urban and rural residents. Restricted by social status, economic contribution and cultural qualifications, the largest social group of peasants has always lacked the right to political participation. From a national point of view, no department has so far held itself accountable to farmers. No department has formed a community of economic interests with peasants. No organization directly represents peasants in the formulation of policies, speaks and acts for peasants, and protects the interests of peasants. In areas such as political decision-making, financial transfer payments, the allocation of state investment and the provision of public services, Lack of their own representatives, but also the lack of social voices. One of the core issues of the peasant problem lies in how to handle the relations between the state and the peasants, the government and the peasants. How to reform and adjust the systems and policies of our country’s countryside? This “revolution” should begin with the regulation of taxation and fiscal system and then carry out the household registration system and the reform of township and town institutions.