论文部分内容阅读
阅读理解是中考试题中所占分值比例最大的题型,其分值一般在30分左右。阅读理解的设题形式有判断正误、选择最佳答案、回答问题、填写表格和其他任务型阅读等。阅读理解重点考查的内容是事实认定、词语理解、数量计算、主题思想归纳等。而从考查方式来看,则以直接型、转换型和归纳型的试题为主,需要依据文章事实和作者思路进行推理的题次之。
一、 命题特点
综观近几年各地中考英语试题,阅读理解的命题主要有以下几个特点:
1. 从题型上来说
近年的阅读理解把对整篇短文的领悟能力作为考查的重点和基本点,着重考查对文章的整体把握,侧重考查考生根据语境进行语篇分析和综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力,而能力要求较低的事实细节型试题的比例呈逐年减少的趋势。
2. 从体裁上来说
近年来阅读理解的体裁趋于多样化,涉及记叙文、夹叙夹议文、议论文、说明文和应用文;题材内容涉及英语国家文化的多个领域,更具现代化和生活化,突出语言与文化相结合的特点,并逐渐增加广告、海报、图画、表格等实用文体。
3. 从阅读量上来说
近年的阅读理解量有逐年增加的趋势。阅读量的不断增加,意味着对阅读速度的要求也不断提高。因为目前有些学生阅读理解的速度远远没有达到教学大纲的要求,因此,继续加大阅读量,提高阅读速度,将是今后阅读理解命题的必然趋势。
4. 从阅读难度上来说
近年的阅读理解难度已经远远超过了教学大纲规定的3%生词率,增加了阅读理解的难度。
从以上分析可以看出,要提高阅读理解能力,一是要掌握一定的词汇、习惯用语和语法知识;二是要养成良好的阅读习惯,培养健康的阅读心理;三是要积累一定的英语语言文化背景知识。
二、 解题步骤
1. 通篇略读,了解全文大意
对全文通篇速读,舍弃无关紧要的细节,全力捕捉全文中心思想。要达到三个效果:
⑴ 对文章有一个总的概念和印象,文章讲什么,有关什么内容(题材,形容词、副词的选用,连接词);
⑵ 了解文章的中心思想和作者的基本观点和立场(感情色彩的形容词、副词以及文章的结构,首尾段或首尾句);
⑶ 记住文中的信息方位,如什么地方是作者的观点,什么地方是作者所举的例子,什么地方是作者分析的原因,以便再读时查找。
通读是为了在短时间内确定文章的中心大意或主题思想,因此,要注意主要信息。即使是新闻报道,也是以某一事件作为主要报道内容的,将该事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、过程及结果等几方面交代清楚,从而引起读者的普遍关注;议论文总有一个中心论题,可重点阅读第一段、结束段以及其他各段的第一句或最末一句。在阅读过程中,目光要快速移动,千万不要停顿或复视,要对准关键词、句;同时要不断地对内容做出预测,使大脑的逻辑思维、推理判断贯穿于整个阅读的始终。
2. 细读全文,注重关键词句
针对题目中的问题,细读材料可以缩小阅读范围,迅速找到与问题有关的信息,细读与题目相关联的词、句、段,对关键部分要透彻理解,仔细推敲。在这一过程中,对有关细节可放慢速度,精读有关部分,一边阅读一边归纳,加快做题速度,求得一次性正确的答案。
在逐句阅读的过程中,目光要瞄准短文中的实词,尤其是名词和动词。同时抓住一些敏感的信息,如时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果以及某些词汇、词语等。
3. 复读全文,验证答案
在选出全部答案后,应将答案代入问题中重读全文,看前后意思是否贯通,有无矛盾,若前后不一致或意思矛盾,则要考虑重选答案。
三、 答题技巧
1. 如果文章长而设题少,则以略读的方式先把问题读一遍,而后带着问题去查阅,求得要找的答案。
2. 如果文章长而设题多,则应先仔细阅读该文,再去做题。遇到某个题答不出来时,可带着该问题去查阅有关细节。
3. 如果问的是一段文章的中心思想,则应重点读段首句和段末句,看是否有主题句。有时主题句可能藏于段中,也有的段落无明显的主题句,那就要自己分析、归纳中心思想。
4. 如果问题要求的答案是数字、人名、地名,时间等,则可直接用查阅的方法来寻求答案,也可先略读而后查阅。
5. 如果文章中提到的事实多、涉及面广,可采取抓关键词的办法,记住文章中所谈及的各个方面,从而判断选取答案。
6. 有时遇到看不懂的难句,读了几遍仍然不懂,可做记号,暂时放下,留待以后有时间再来考虑。
四、 真题解析(2012年武汉市)
A small, white envelope stuck among the branches of our Christmas tree and it has been there for the past ten years or so.
It all began because my husband Justin hated Christmas—oh, not the true meaning of Christmas. Overspending was one thing, but compared to the difficult experience of choosing gifts—running around at the last minute to get a tie for Uncle Harry and a pair of gloves for Grandma ..., spending money is nothing. I felt too tired to think of any special gifts. Knowing Justin felt the same way, I decided one year not to buy the usual shirts, sweaters, ties and so on. I reached for something special just for Justin. The inspiration came in an unusual way.
Our son Kevin, who was 12 that year, was wrestling (摔跤) at the junior level at the school he attended; and shortly before Christmas, there was a match against a team sponsored (赞助) by an inner-city church. These youngsters, dressed in such worn-out shoes that shoe strings seemed to be the only thing holding them together, while our boys were in their blue and gold uniforms and new wrestling shoes.
As the match began, I was shocked to see that the other team were wrestling without wearing helmets (头盔) to protect their ears. Well, our boys ended up defeating them. We took every weight class.
Justin, seated beside me, shook his head sadly, “I wish just one of them could have won,” he said. “They have a lot of potential (潜力), but losing like this could take the heart out of them.” Justin loved kids—all kids, and he knew them, having coached little league football and baseball. That’s when the idea for his present came. That afternoon, I went to a local sporting goods store and bought different kinds of wrestling helmets and shoes. I sent them to inner-city church without leaving my name.
On Christmas Eve, I placed the envelope on the tree, the note inside telling Justin what I had done and that was his gift from me. His smile was the brightest thing about Christmas that year and since then the envelope has become the highlight of our Christmas.
( )1. Justin hated Christmas because ______.
A. he didn’t enjoy receiving gifts
B. he had a hard time choosing gifts
C. he spent too much money buying gifts
D. he disliked putting gifts under the Christmas tree
( )2. We know from the passage that the team sponsored by inner-city church ______.
A. were well dressed
B. paid no attention to safety
C. feared Kevin’s team
D. couldn’t afford a helmet
( )3. How did Justin feel about the team’s failure?
A. Upset. B. Angry.
C. Hopeless. D. Shameful.
( )4. Why did the writer send gifts to the inner-city church without leaving her name?
A. To avoid being thanked.
B. To play a joke on Justin.
C. To give Justin a surprise.
D. To protect her private information.
( )5. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. The Church Gift
B. A Special Note
C. The White Envelope
D. A Christmas Card
[文 章 大 意]
本文介绍了圣诞节时作者家的圣诞树上总会挂上一个白色信封这一传统的起源。
[答 案 与 解 析]
1. B。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Overspending was one thing, but compared to the difficult experience of choosing gifts ...”可知答案是B。
2. D。推理判断题。根据第四段中的“These youngsters, dressed in such worn-out shoes that shoe strings seemed to be the only thing holding them together”和第五段中的“I was shocked to see that the other team were wrestling without wearing helmets (头盔) to protect their ears.”可知,这个队伍的小孩都没有钱买头盔来保护他们的头。故选D。
3. A。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段句首“Justin, seated beside me, shook his head sadly” 可知,Justin 对团队的失败感到失望。故选A。
4. C。推理判断题。根据最后一段句首“I placed the envelope on the tree, the note inside telling Justin what I had done and that was his gift from me.”可知,作者将这作为给丈夫的礼物。由此可推知作者不留名的目的是为了给丈夫一个惊喜。故选C。
5. C。标题概括题。文章开头以及结尾均提到了the white envelope,且全文都在介绍这个白色信封的由来,故选C项作为标题最为合适。
一、 命题特点
综观近几年各地中考英语试题,阅读理解的命题主要有以下几个特点:
1. 从题型上来说
近年的阅读理解把对整篇短文的领悟能力作为考查的重点和基本点,着重考查对文章的整体把握,侧重考查考生根据语境进行语篇分析和综合利用有效信息解决实际问题的能力,而能力要求较低的事实细节型试题的比例呈逐年减少的趋势。
2. 从体裁上来说
近年来阅读理解的体裁趋于多样化,涉及记叙文、夹叙夹议文、议论文、说明文和应用文;题材内容涉及英语国家文化的多个领域,更具现代化和生活化,突出语言与文化相结合的特点,并逐渐增加广告、海报、图画、表格等实用文体。
3. 从阅读量上来说
近年的阅读理解量有逐年增加的趋势。阅读量的不断增加,意味着对阅读速度的要求也不断提高。因为目前有些学生阅读理解的速度远远没有达到教学大纲的要求,因此,继续加大阅读量,提高阅读速度,将是今后阅读理解命题的必然趋势。
4. 从阅读难度上来说
近年的阅读理解难度已经远远超过了教学大纲规定的3%生词率,增加了阅读理解的难度。
从以上分析可以看出,要提高阅读理解能力,一是要掌握一定的词汇、习惯用语和语法知识;二是要养成良好的阅读习惯,培养健康的阅读心理;三是要积累一定的英语语言文化背景知识。
二、 解题步骤
1. 通篇略读,了解全文大意
对全文通篇速读,舍弃无关紧要的细节,全力捕捉全文中心思想。要达到三个效果:
⑴ 对文章有一个总的概念和印象,文章讲什么,有关什么内容(题材,形容词、副词的选用,连接词);
⑵ 了解文章的中心思想和作者的基本观点和立场(感情色彩的形容词、副词以及文章的结构,首尾段或首尾句);
⑶ 记住文中的信息方位,如什么地方是作者的观点,什么地方是作者所举的例子,什么地方是作者分析的原因,以便再读时查找。
通读是为了在短时间内确定文章的中心大意或主题思想,因此,要注意主要信息。即使是新闻报道,也是以某一事件作为主要报道内容的,将该事件的时间、地点、人物、原因、过程及结果等几方面交代清楚,从而引起读者的普遍关注;议论文总有一个中心论题,可重点阅读第一段、结束段以及其他各段的第一句或最末一句。在阅读过程中,目光要快速移动,千万不要停顿或复视,要对准关键词、句;同时要不断地对内容做出预测,使大脑的逻辑思维、推理判断贯穿于整个阅读的始终。
2. 细读全文,注重关键词句
针对题目中的问题,细读材料可以缩小阅读范围,迅速找到与问题有关的信息,细读与题目相关联的词、句、段,对关键部分要透彻理解,仔细推敲。在这一过程中,对有关细节可放慢速度,精读有关部分,一边阅读一边归纳,加快做题速度,求得一次性正确的答案。
在逐句阅读的过程中,目光要瞄准短文中的实词,尤其是名词和动词。同时抓住一些敏感的信息,如时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果以及某些词汇、词语等。
3. 复读全文,验证答案
在选出全部答案后,应将答案代入问题中重读全文,看前后意思是否贯通,有无矛盾,若前后不一致或意思矛盾,则要考虑重选答案。
三、 答题技巧
1. 如果文章长而设题少,则以略读的方式先把问题读一遍,而后带着问题去查阅,求得要找的答案。
2. 如果文章长而设题多,则应先仔细阅读该文,再去做题。遇到某个题答不出来时,可带着该问题去查阅有关细节。
3. 如果问的是一段文章的中心思想,则应重点读段首句和段末句,看是否有主题句。有时主题句可能藏于段中,也有的段落无明显的主题句,那就要自己分析、归纳中心思想。
4. 如果问题要求的答案是数字、人名、地名,时间等,则可直接用查阅的方法来寻求答案,也可先略读而后查阅。
5. 如果文章中提到的事实多、涉及面广,可采取抓关键词的办法,记住文章中所谈及的各个方面,从而判断选取答案。
6. 有时遇到看不懂的难句,读了几遍仍然不懂,可做记号,暂时放下,留待以后有时间再来考虑。
四、 真题解析(2012年武汉市)
A small, white envelope stuck among the branches of our Christmas tree and it has been there for the past ten years or so.
It all began because my husband Justin hated Christmas—oh, not the true meaning of Christmas. Overspending was one thing, but compared to the difficult experience of choosing gifts—running around at the last minute to get a tie for Uncle Harry and a pair of gloves for Grandma ..., spending money is nothing. I felt too tired to think of any special gifts. Knowing Justin felt the same way, I decided one year not to buy the usual shirts, sweaters, ties and so on. I reached for something special just for Justin. The inspiration came in an unusual way.
Our son Kevin, who was 12 that year, was wrestling (摔跤) at the junior level at the school he attended; and shortly before Christmas, there was a match against a team sponsored (赞助) by an inner-city church. These youngsters, dressed in such worn-out shoes that shoe strings seemed to be the only thing holding them together, while our boys were in their blue and gold uniforms and new wrestling shoes.
As the match began, I was shocked to see that the other team were wrestling without wearing helmets (头盔) to protect their ears. Well, our boys ended up defeating them. We took every weight class.
Justin, seated beside me, shook his head sadly, “I wish just one of them could have won,” he said. “They have a lot of potential (潜力), but losing like this could take the heart out of them.” Justin loved kids—all kids, and he knew them, having coached little league football and baseball. That’s when the idea for his present came. That afternoon, I went to a local sporting goods store and bought different kinds of wrestling helmets and shoes. I sent them to inner-city church without leaving my name.
On Christmas Eve, I placed the envelope on the tree, the note inside telling Justin what I had done and that was his gift from me. His smile was the brightest thing about Christmas that year and since then the envelope has become the highlight of our Christmas.
( )1. Justin hated Christmas because ______.
A. he didn’t enjoy receiving gifts
B. he had a hard time choosing gifts
C. he spent too much money buying gifts
D. he disliked putting gifts under the Christmas tree
( )2. We know from the passage that the team sponsored by inner-city church ______.
A. were well dressed
B. paid no attention to safety
C. feared Kevin’s team
D. couldn’t afford a helmet
( )3. How did Justin feel about the team’s failure?
A. Upset. B. Angry.
C. Hopeless. D. Shameful.
( )4. Why did the writer send gifts to the inner-city church without leaving her name?
A. To avoid being thanked.
B. To play a joke on Justin.
C. To give Justin a surprise.
D. To protect her private information.
( )5. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
A. The Church Gift
B. A Special Note
C. The White Envelope
D. A Christmas Card
[文 章 大 意]
本文介绍了圣诞节时作者家的圣诞树上总会挂上一个白色信封这一传统的起源。
[答 案 与 解 析]
1. B。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Overspending was one thing, but compared to the difficult experience of choosing gifts ...”可知答案是B。
2. D。推理判断题。根据第四段中的“These youngsters, dressed in such worn-out shoes that shoe strings seemed to be the only thing holding them together”和第五段中的“I was shocked to see that the other team were wrestling without wearing helmets (头盔) to protect their ears.”可知,这个队伍的小孩都没有钱买头盔来保护他们的头。故选D。
3. A。细节理解题。根据倒数第二段句首“Justin, seated beside me, shook his head sadly” 可知,Justin 对团队的失败感到失望。故选A。
4. C。推理判断题。根据最后一段句首“I placed the envelope on the tree, the note inside telling Justin what I had done and that was his gift from me.”可知,作者将这作为给丈夫的礼物。由此可推知作者不留名的目的是为了给丈夫一个惊喜。故选C。
5. C。标题概括题。文章开头以及结尾均提到了the white envelope,且全文都在介绍这个白色信封的由来,故选C项作为标题最为合适。