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BACKGROUND: Sodium valproate (VPA) is used to be an effective anti-epileptic drug. VPA possesses the characteristics of penetrating rapidly through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and increasing levels of Bcl-2 and growth cone-associated protein (GAP) 43 in spinal cord.OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of VPA on Bcl-2 expression and motor neuronal apoptosis in spinal cord of rats following sciatic nerve transection.DESIGN: Randomized controlled experiment.SETTING: Department of Hand Surgery and Microsurgery, Wuhan Puai Hospital.MATERIALS: A total of 30 male healthy SD rats of olean grade and with the body mass of 180-220 g were provided by Experimental Animal Center of Medical College of Wuhan University. Sodium Valproate Tablets were purchases from Hengrui Pharmaceutical Factory, Jiangsu.METHODS: The experiment was performed in the Central Laboratory of Wuhan Puai Hospital and Medical College of Wuhan University from February to May 2006. Totally 30 rats were randomly divided into two groups:treatment group (n =15) and model group (n =15). Longitudinal incision along backside of right hind limbs of rats was made to expose sciatic nerves, which were sharply transected 1 cm distal to the inferior margin of piriform muscle after nerve liberation under operation microscope to establish sciatic nerve injury rat models.Sodium Valproate Tablets were pulverized and diluted into 50 g/L suspension with saline. On the day of operation, the rats in the treatment group received 6 Ml/kg VPA suspension by gastric perfusion, once a day,whereas model group received 10 Ml/kg saline by gastric perfusion, once a day. L4-6 spinal cords were obtained at days 1, 4, 7, 14 and 28 after operation, respectively. Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated Dutp-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique and immunohistochemical method (SP method) were used to detect absorbance (A) of neurons with positive Bcl-2 expression. Apoptotic rate of cells (number of apoptotic cells/total number of cells× 100%) was calculated.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A value of neurons with positive Bcl-2 expression and apoptotic rate in spinal cord of rats in the two groups.RESULTS: A total of 30 SD rats were involved in the result analysis. ①expression of positive Bcl-2 neurons: A value of positive Bcl-2 neurons were 0.71 ±0.02, 0.86±0.04, 1.02±0.06 at days 4, 7 and 14, respectively after operation in the treatment group, which were obviously higher than those in the model group (0.62±0.03, 0.71±0.05, 0.89±0.04, t = 3.10-4.50, P ＜ 0.05). ②apoptotic result of motor neurons: Apoptotic rate of motor neurons in spinal cord was (6.91±0.89)% and (15.12±2.34)% at days 7 and 14 in the treatment group, which was significantly lower than those in the model group [(9.45±1.61)%, (19.35±0.92)%, t= 2.39, 3.03. P＜ 0.05].CONCLUSION: VPA can increase expression of Bcl-2 in spinal cord and reduce neuronal apoptosis in rats following sciatic nerve injury, and has protective effect on motor neuron in spinal cord of rats.