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19世纪德国法律科学是一种极其复杂的现象。一方面,它蕴涵了纷繁各异的方法,另一方面,它又是协调统一的。要了解它,就必须追溯其起源,展示其外在方面的差异性,展示其基本观念的内在一致性。德国法律科学的产生,回应了因自然法解构而引发的方法论需要。为了迎合这些需要,就产生了历史进路和体系进路,最终形成了结合这两种进路的法学——萨维尼的历史法律理论。在萨维尼的历史法学基础上,诸多流派得以成形。其中的一派注重体系,在这一派中,有的专注罗马法,有的则关注德国法。另一派强调历史,其中有的强调罗马法,有的则探讨德国法律史。这就有可能用诸多不同的方法来研究德国法学,但由此也很难看出这种差异性潜在具有的共同理念。为了解决上述问题,就要分析和整合了这些基本理念,以显示在构成法律科学概念时,它们的相互作用居于什么样的位置。法律科学概念的主导要素是“历史”和“体系”。这些基本概念的意义容易被误解,这对评价19世纪德国法律科学是非常有害的。确定法律科学的主要成分,有可能展示它们的相互作用。法律科学的要旨是“历史”和“体系”的整合。这是19世纪德国法学家的基本信条,也是一个基本的方法论问题。它要求协调历史真相与逻辑规律。萨维尼把法律作为一种根植于文化的有机整体、并服务于保护个人自由的现象,这样,他就把这两个概念合而为一了。法律科学是综合法律的历史方法、体系目标和个人主义功能于一体的结果,它同时具有实证主义、唯心主义和形式主义的特点。
19th century German legal science is an extremely complex phenomenon. On the one hand, it contains many different methods, on the other hand, it is harmonized. To understand it, it is necessary to trace its origin, reveal its external differences and demonstrate the inherent consistency of its basic concepts. The emergence of German legal science has responded to the need for methodological considerations deconstructed by natural law. In order to meet these needs, it has produced a historical approach and a system approach, and finally formed the jurisprudence combining these two approaches - Savigny’s historical law theory. Based on Savigny’s law of history, many genres have been shaped. One of the factions places emphasis on the system, and in this faction, some focus on Roman law, while others focus on German law. The other group emphasizes history, some of which emphasize Roman law, while others discuss the history of German law. This makes it possible to study German jurisprudence in many different ways, but it is also difficult to see the common notion of this difference. In order to solve the above problems, we must analyze and integrate these basic concepts to show the position of their interaction in the formation of legal science concepts. The dominant elements of the concept of legal science are “history ” and “system ”. The meaning of these basic concepts is easily misunderstood, which is very detrimental to the evaluation of German legal science in the nineteenth century. Determine the main components of the legal science, it is possible to show their interaction. The essence of legal science is the integration of “history” and “system.” This is the basic tenet of a German jurist in the 19th century. It is also a basic methodological issue. It requires the coordination of historical truth and logic. Savigny regarded the law as an organic whole rooted in culture and served the protection of individual liberty so that he put the two concepts together. Legal science is the result of a combination of historical methods, system objectives and individualistic functions of the law. It also possesses the characteristics of positivism, idealism and formalism.