论文部分内容阅读
一、 词语例解
1. diet
n. （1）饮食，食物（usual food）
Cows have a diet of grass. 牛的食物是草。
Their diet chiefly consists of grain and vegetables.他们的饮食主要是谷类和蔬菜。
A balanced diet is a healthy diet.均衡的饮食是有利于健康的饮食。
（2） (适合某种疾病的)特种饮食（special programme of food for people who are ill, etc.）
He began his diet a week ago. 他在一星期前开始节食。
No chocolate, please. I’m on a diet.请不要放巧克力，我在节食。
v. 节食；吃限定食物 （make a person or oneself eat special food for reasons of health）
The doctor has dieted the patient strictly.医生严格规定病人的饮食。
No sugar in my coffee, please; I’m dieting.请不要给我的咖啡放糖，我在节食。
【搭配】 go on a diet节食；吃限定食物 be on a diet 在节食中
2. energy
n. (1) 活力；精力 （power to do a lot of work）
Young people usually have more energy than the old. 年轻人通常比老年人有活力。
They are working with energy.他们正在干劲十足地工作。
They devoted all their energies to the job.他们把自己的全部精力投入这项工作。
(2) 能；能源（force or power to make things, machines, etc. move or work）
The light energy comes from the sun. 光能来自太阳。
Each year Americans consume a high percentage of the world’s energy.每年美国人消耗掉世界能源的很大比例。
【辨析】 energy指物理学上的能的概念或生理上的精力；force着重力产生的实际效果； power着重行动所根据的职权或能力，还指人开发出来的动力，如power station（发电站）；strength指人或物所固有的体力，强度或力量。
3. function
n. (1) 官能；功能；作用（special work done by someone or something）
The function of the heart is to send blood round the body. 心脏的功能就是向全身输送血液。The function of an adjective is to describe or add to the meaning of a noun.形容词的作用就是修饰名词。
(2) 职务；职责（what something is used for）
What is his function on the committee? 他在委员会里担任什么职务?
vi. (1)(机器等)工作；运行（run）
I couldn’t ring you because the phone wasn’t functioning. 我没法给你打电话，因为电话机坏了。
The old machine won’t function properly if you don’t oil it regularly.那台旧机器如果不经常加油就不能正常运转。
(2) 起作用（work）
The sofa functions as a bed at night.这沙发在夜里可以当床。
4. contain
vt. 1) 包含；容纳（to have something inside；to hold）
The jar contains ten glasses of water.这只大口瓶能装十杯水。
The pill contains vitamins.这药丸中含有多种维生素。
2) 控制；抑制（情绪）（keep oneself or one’s feeling under control; restrain）
He could not contain himself for anger. 他因生气而不能控制自己。
I couldn’t contain myself for joy. 我喜不自禁。
【辨析】 contain与include
include指作为整体的一部分或其要素之一而被包含在内，例如：
The health club includes a gym, swimming pool, and locker room. 健身俱乐部包括体操房，游泳池和更衣室。
Our ten-day tour includes a visit to New York. 我们十天的旅行包括参观纽约。
contain指一个较大事物中容纳比其小的部分，常用于表示容器或空间含有某物，也可用来表示某物体含有另一物质。例如：
The case contains my clothes. 箱子里装有我的衣服。
Pig iron may contain 4％ of carbon. 生铁可含百分之四的碳。
The speech contained some interesting ideas. 这个讲演包括一些有趣的思想。
5. balance
n. (1) 平衡；均衡（when two sides are the same; being steady）
The child couldn’t keep his balance on his new bicycle.孩子骑在他的新自行车上不能保持平衡。
The growth of the new political party upset the balance of power.新政党的壮大打破了力量的均势。
He lost his balance and fell over.他失去平衡，所以跌倒了。
(2) 天平；秤（instrument for weighing things; scales）
In what way is a laboratory balance different from a balance found in a store? 实验室的天平与商店里的秤在什么方面有所不同?
(3) 收支差额；余额 （the money that is left when you have paid out some of it）
If you earn ￡100 and spend ￡60, your balance is ￡40. 如果你挣一百镑，花掉六十镑，那么结余是四十镑。
May I take the balance of my holidays next month?我能否在下个月使用还没休完的假期?
You may keep the balance.找头你留着吧。
vt. (1) 使平衡；保持……的平衡（make or keep something steady, so it does not fall; stay steady）
In order to balance their trade, they would have to buy less goods in the United States.为了平衡贸易，他们将不得不减少在美国购货。
My accounts balance for the first time this year! 我的帐上今年第一次出现收支平衡！
(2) 权衡；比较
The judge balanced the contention of both parties.法官权衡了双方的论点。
You have to balance the advantages of living downtown against the disadvantages. 你必须权衡住在市中心的利弊。
【搭配】 in the balance（命运）未定，在危急中；不确定 off balance不稳on balance总的来说
二、 短语精析
1. a bit有点儿；稍微
We need a bit more time.我们需要多一点的时间。
Your article is a bit long.你的文章长了一点。
【比较】 a bit与a little
两者都可作程度副词，表示“稍微；一点儿”的意思，修饰动词、形容词、比较级等，二者可以互换。例如：
Will you please turn down the radio a bit/a little?请你把收音机音量调小一点好吗？
She’s a bit / a little afraid of the teacher. 她有点怕老师。
Her mother feels a bit/a little better today.她母亲今天感觉好一些。
for a bit和for a little意思相同，相当于for a while或for a short time，可互换。例如：
Let’s rest for a bit / a little.让我们休息一下。
不同之处：
1. a little可以直接修饰不可数名词，而a bit修饰不可数名词时，只能用a bit of。例如：
Tom has a little money.
＝ Tom has a bit of money. 汤姆有一点钱。
但是，当a little修饰的名词前有this, that或所有格等限定词时，也要用a little of结构。例如：
I want to drink a little of that drink.我想喝点那种饮料
2. not a bit和not a little的意义正好相反。not a bit相当于not at all，意为“根本不”；not a little作“very much”解释，意为“很；非常”。试比较：
He is not a bit tired.他一点也不累。
He is not a little tired他相当累。
2. plenty of 许多，大量
No need to hurry—you’ve got plenty of time.没必要着急，你有的是时间。
There are plenty of eggs in the house. 家中有很多鸡蛋。
【特别关注】 plenty of修饰不可数名词或可数名词，一般用于肯定句。在否定句或疑问句中用many, much或enough替代。用来修饰可数名词复数的短语有a great good many, a number of；修饰不可数名词的有a large amount of。
3. go for对……适用；去找
What he said about you goes for me too.他关于你的一席话对我也适用。
She thinks it’s expensive, and that goes for me, too. 她认为这很贵，我也有同感。
He is going for a job.他正在求职。
4. lose weight减肥
Now more and more girls hope to lose weight and become slim. 现在越来越多的女孩希望减肥而变得苗条。
I think she might have lost a bit of weight.我想她体重可能减轻了一些。
【拓展】 by weight按重量计算 feel the weight of sth.感到……的压力gain weight增加体重give weight to重视；加强……；为……提出强有力的证据 lay weight on sth.强调; 认为……具有特殊意义lift [take] a weight off sb.’s mind解除某人的心理负担put on weight体重增加；发胖under the weight of在……重压下, 迫于……
三、 句式点睛
1. Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life, and the fuel we need for our bodies is also different.正如我们的生活发生了变化一样，我们的饮食习惯也已经发生了变化，而且我们所需要的营养也不同了。
as has our way of life是一个倒装结构，相当于and our way of life has changed。as用来承接前句，意为“同样；与……一样”。例如：
David works hard，as does my brother戴维工作勤奋，我的兄弟也一样。
As I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. （2005浙江）正如我在电话中所解释的，你的要求将在下次会议上考虑。
2. Only in that way will we be ready for the challenges and opportunities in life. 只有用那种方法我们才能对生活中的挑战和机遇有所准备。
Only引导的介词短语或状语置于句首时，句子需要部分倒装，即将助动词或情态动词等置于主语之前。例如：
Only in this way are you able to do it well. 只有用这种办法你才能把它做好。
Only when he returned home did he know what had happened. 当他回到家中，他才知道发生了什么事情。
Only then did she realize how much damage had been caused. （2006陕西）直到那时她才意识到造成的危害有多大。
3. Even if we choose nutritious food for our main meals, we probably still need to refuel now and then.即使我们选择有营养的食品作为我们的主餐，我们也还要不时地补充能量。
句中even if表示“即使；尽管”，也可作even though，引导让步状语从句。例如：
Even if he is poor, he looks happy.即使他穷，他看上去很快乐。
Even if you lose the match, you shouldn’t lose heart.即使你输了比赛，你也不应灰心丧气。
Allow children the space to voice their opinion, even if they are different from your own.（2005湖南） 给孩子们发表他们自己意见的机会，即使他们的看法与你的不同。
4. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is clean and peel them.大多数的水果天然是甜的，我们拿来就可以吃。我们惟一要做的就是把它们洗干净去皮。
way表方式时，后接定语从句，常用in which或that来引导，也可省略掉引导词。句中的just the way they are可以看成just the way in which /that they are.。例如：
The way （that / in which ）he answered the question was surprising.他回答问题的方式令人吃惊。
I don’t like the way （that / in which） you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你嘲笑她的方式。
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.（NMET2004 ）使我感到惊讶的不是他所说的话，而是他说这些话的方式。
四、语法细解
情态动词had better, should, ought to
had better的意思是“最好，还是……为好”，表示劝告，建议或间接命令，后跟动词原形。例如：
You had better hurry up if you want to get home before dark. 如果你想在天黑之前到家，你最好快点。
I think you’d better speak to Mr Smith immediately about this matter. 我认为你还是立刻和史密斯先生谈谈这件事为好。
had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.，意思是“最好不要做某事”。例如：
You’d better not wake me up when you come in. 你进来时，最好不要吵醒我。
ought to通常指客观上有义务、有责任或由于道义的约束而“应当”，“应该”做某事或处于某种状态，语气比should要强。例如：
You ought to go and see Mary tomorrow. 明天你应该去看玛丽。
You ought to have an operation at once. 你应该马上去动手术。
He knows he ought to pay the money. 他知道他应该付钱。
注意： 表示疑问时，只把ought提前；表示否定时，可用ought not to或oughtn’t to。而否定疑问句则要把oughtn’t提前或用“ought ... not to”形式。例如：
Ought he to pay the money?
He oughtn’t / ought not to pay the money.
Oughtn’t he to pay the money?
Ought he not to pay the money?
should则多指主观上觉得有责任，有义务“应该”，“应当”做某事或处于某种状态；常用于表示惊讶、遗憾、劝告、建议、命令等意思。语气不及ought to强。例如：
You shouldn’t judge a man always by the clothes. 你不应该总是以衣着取人。
We should speak more English. 我们应该多讲英语。
Why should I go there while she stays home? 为什么我得去那儿，而她却呆在家里？
另外，should（ought to）+ have done结构如果用于肯定句，则表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做，含有“遗憾、责备、建议或指正”等意味；如果是否定句，则表示本不应该做某事而实际上做了。例如：
You should / ought to have told him the paint on that seat is wet. 你本应告诉他座位上的油漆未干。
They shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have left so soon. 他们不该这么早就离开。
1. diet
n. （1）饮食，食物（usual food）
Cows have a diet of grass. 牛的食物是草。
Their diet chiefly consists of grain and vegetables.他们的饮食主要是谷类和蔬菜。
A balanced diet is a healthy diet.均衡的饮食是有利于健康的饮食。
（2） (适合某种疾病的)特种饮食（special programme of food for people who are ill, etc.）
He began his diet a week ago. 他在一星期前开始节食。
No chocolate, please. I’m on a diet.请不要放巧克力，我在节食。
v. 节食；吃限定食物 （make a person or oneself eat special food for reasons of health）
The doctor has dieted the patient strictly.医生严格规定病人的饮食。
No sugar in my coffee, please; I’m dieting.请不要给我的咖啡放糖，我在节食。
【搭配】 go on a diet节食；吃限定食物 be on a diet 在节食中
2. energy
n. (1) 活力；精力 （power to do a lot of work）
Young people usually have more energy than the old. 年轻人通常比老年人有活力。
They are working with energy.他们正在干劲十足地工作。
They devoted all their energies to the job.他们把自己的全部精力投入这项工作。
(2) 能；能源（force or power to make things, machines, etc. move or work）
The light energy comes from the sun. 光能来自太阳。
Each year Americans consume a high percentage of the world’s energy.每年美国人消耗掉世界能源的很大比例。
【辨析】 energy指物理学上的能的概念或生理上的精力；force着重力产生的实际效果； power着重行动所根据的职权或能力，还指人开发出来的动力，如power station（发电站）；strength指人或物所固有的体力，强度或力量。
3. function
n. (1) 官能；功能；作用（special work done by someone or something）
The function of the heart is to send blood round the body. 心脏的功能就是向全身输送血液。The function of an adjective is to describe or add to the meaning of a noun.形容词的作用就是修饰名词。
(2) 职务；职责（what something is used for）
What is his function on the committee? 他在委员会里担任什么职务?
vi. (1)(机器等)工作；运行（run）
I couldn’t ring you because the phone wasn’t functioning. 我没法给你打电话，因为电话机坏了。
The old machine won’t function properly if you don’t oil it regularly.那台旧机器如果不经常加油就不能正常运转。
(2) 起作用（work）
The sofa functions as a bed at night.这沙发在夜里可以当床。
4. contain
vt. 1) 包含；容纳（to have something inside；to hold）
The jar contains ten glasses of water.这只大口瓶能装十杯水。
The pill contains vitamins.这药丸中含有多种维生素。
2) 控制；抑制（情绪）（keep oneself or one’s feeling under control; restrain）
He could not contain himself for anger. 他因生气而不能控制自己。
I couldn’t contain myself for joy. 我喜不自禁。
【辨析】 contain与include
include指作为整体的一部分或其要素之一而被包含在内，例如：
The health club includes a gym, swimming pool, and locker room. 健身俱乐部包括体操房，游泳池和更衣室。
Our ten-day tour includes a visit to New York. 我们十天的旅行包括参观纽约。
contain指一个较大事物中容纳比其小的部分，常用于表示容器或空间含有某物，也可用来表示某物体含有另一物质。例如：
The case contains my clothes. 箱子里装有我的衣服。
Pig iron may contain 4％ of carbon. 生铁可含百分之四的碳。
The speech contained some interesting ideas. 这个讲演包括一些有趣的思想。
5. balance
n. (1) 平衡；均衡（when two sides are the same; being steady）
The child couldn’t keep his balance on his new bicycle.孩子骑在他的新自行车上不能保持平衡。
The growth of the new political party upset the balance of power.新政党的壮大打破了力量的均势。
He lost his balance and fell over.他失去平衡，所以跌倒了。
(2) 天平；秤（instrument for weighing things; scales）
In what way is a laboratory balance different from a balance found in a store? 实验室的天平与商店里的秤在什么方面有所不同?
(3) 收支差额；余额 （the money that is left when you have paid out some of it）
If you earn ￡100 and spend ￡60, your balance is ￡40. 如果你挣一百镑，花掉六十镑，那么结余是四十镑。
May I take the balance of my holidays next month?我能否在下个月使用还没休完的假期?
You may keep the balance.找头你留着吧。
vt. (1) 使平衡；保持……的平衡（make or keep something steady, so it does not fall; stay steady）
In order to balance their trade, they would have to buy less goods in the United States.为了平衡贸易，他们将不得不减少在美国购货。
My accounts balance for the first time this year! 我的帐上今年第一次出现收支平衡！
(2) 权衡；比较
The judge balanced the contention of both parties.法官权衡了双方的论点。
You have to balance the advantages of living downtown against the disadvantages. 你必须权衡住在市中心的利弊。
【搭配】 in the balance（命运）未定，在危急中；不确定 off balance不稳on balance总的来说
二、 短语精析
1. a bit有点儿；稍微
We need a bit more time.我们需要多一点的时间。
Your article is a bit long.你的文章长了一点。
【比较】 a bit与a little
两者都可作程度副词，表示“稍微；一点儿”的意思，修饰动词、形容词、比较级等，二者可以互换。例如：
Will you please turn down the radio a bit/a little?请你把收音机音量调小一点好吗？
She’s a bit / a little afraid of the teacher. 她有点怕老师。
Her mother feels a bit/a little better today.她母亲今天感觉好一些。
for a bit和for a little意思相同，相当于for a while或for a short time，可互换。例如：
Let’s rest for a bit / a little.让我们休息一下。
不同之处：
1. a little可以直接修饰不可数名词，而a bit修饰不可数名词时，只能用a bit of。例如：
Tom has a little money.
＝ Tom has a bit of money. 汤姆有一点钱。
但是，当a little修饰的名词前有this, that或所有格等限定词时，也要用a little of结构。例如：
I want to drink a little of that drink.我想喝点那种饮料
2. not a bit和not a little的意义正好相反。not a bit相当于not at all，意为“根本不”；not a little作“very much”解释，意为“很；非常”。试比较：
He is not a bit tired.他一点也不累。
He is not a little tired他相当累。
2. plenty of 许多，大量
No need to hurry—you’ve got plenty of time.没必要着急，你有的是时间。
There are plenty of eggs in the house. 家中有很多鸡蛋。
【特别关注】 plenty of修饰不可数名词或可数名词，一般用于肯定句。在否定句或疑问句中用many, much或enough替代。用来修饰可数名词复数的短语有a great good many, a number of；修饰不可数名词的有a large amount of。
3. go for对……适用；去找
What he said about you goes for me too.他关于你的一席话对我也适用。
She thinks it’s expensive, and that goes for me, too. 她认为这很贵，我也有同感。
He is going for a job.他正在求职。
4. lose weight减肥
Now more and more girls hope to lose weight and become slim. 现在越来越多的女孩希望减肥而变得苗条。
I think she might have lost a bit of weight.我想她体重可能减轻了一些。
【拓展】 by weight按重量计算 feel the weight of sth.感到……的压力gain weight增加体重give weight to重视；加强……；为……提出强有力的证据 lay weight on sth.强调; 认为……具有特殊意义lift [take] a weight off sb.’s mind解除某人的心理负担put on weight体重增加；发胖under the weight of在……重压下, 迫于……
三、 句式点睛
1. Our eating habits have changed, as has our way of life, and the fuel we need for our bodies is also different.正如我们的生活发生了变化一样，我们的饮食习惯也已经发生了变化，而且我们所需要的营养也不同了。
as has our way of life是一个倒装结构，相当于and our way of life has changed。as用来承接前句，意为“同样；与……一样”。例如：
David works hard，as does my brother戴维工作勤奋，我的兄弟也一样。
As I explained on the phone, your request will be considered at the next meeting. （2005浙江）正如我在电话中所解释的，你的要求将在下次会议上考虑。
2. Only in that way will we be ready for the challenges and opportunities in life. 只有用那种方法我们才能对生活中的挑战和机遇有所准备。
Only引导的介词短语或状语置于句首时，句子需要部分倒装，即将助动词或情态动词等置于主语之前。例如：
Only in this way are you able to do it well. 只有用这种办法你才能把它做好。
Only when he returned home did he know what had happened. 当他回到家中，他才知道发生了什么事情。
Only then did she realize how much damage had been caused. （2006陕西）直到那时她才意识到造成的危害有多大。
3. Even if we choose nutritious food for our main meals, we probably still need to refuel now and then.即使我们选择有营养的食品作为我们的主餐，我们也还要不时地补充能量。
句中even if表示“即使；尽管”，也可作even though，引导让步状语从句。例如：
Even if he is poor, he looks happy.即使他穷，他看上去很快乐。
Even if you lose the match, you shouldn’t lose heart.即使你输了比赛，你也不应灰心丧气。
Allow children the space to voice their opinion, even if they are different from your own.（2005湖南） 给孩子们发表他们自己意见的机会，即使他们的看法与你的不同。
4. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is clean and peel them.大多数的水果天然是甜的，我们拿来就可以吃。我们惟一要做的就是把它们洗干净去皮。
way表方式时，后接定语从句，常用in which或that来引导，也可省略掉引导词。句中的just the way they are可以看成just the way in which /that they are.。例如：
The way （that / in which ）he answered the question was surprising.他回答问题的方式令人吃惊。
I don’t like the way （that / in which） you laugh at her. 我不喜欢你嘲笑她的方式。
What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.（NMET2004 ）使我感到惊讶的不是他所说的话，而是他说这些话的方式。
四、语法细解
情态动词had better, should, ought to
had better的意思是“最好，还是……为好”，表示劝告，建议或间接命令，后跟动词原形。例如：
You had better hurry up if you want to get home before dark. 如果你想在天黑之前到家，你最好快点。
I think you’d better speak to Mr Smith immediately about this matter. 我认为你还是立刻和史密斯先生谈谈这件事为好。
had better的否定形式是had better not do sth.，意思是“最好不要做某事”。例如：
You’d better not wake me up when you come in. 你进来时，最好不要吵醒我。
ought to通常指客观上有义务、有责任或由于道义的约束而“应当”，“应该”做某事或处于某种状态，语气比should要强。例如：
You ought to go and see Mary tomorrow. 明天你应该去看玛丽。
You ought to have an operation at once. 你应该马上去动手术。
He knows he ought to pay the money. 他知道他应该付钱。
注意： 表示疑问时，只把ought提前；表示否定时，可用ought not to或oughtn’t to。而否定疑问句则要把oughtn’t提前或用“ought ... not to”形式。例如：
Ought he to pay the money?
He oughtn’t / ought not to pay the money.
Oughtn’t he to pay the money?
Ought he not to pay the money?
should则多指主观上觉得有责任，有义务“应该”，“应当”做某事或处于某种状态；常用于表示惊讶、遗憾、劝告、建议、命令等意思。语气不及ought to强。例如：
You shouldn’t judge a man always by the clothes. 你不应该总是以衣着取人。
We should speak more English. 我们应该多讲英语。
Why should I go there while she stays home? 为什么我得去那儿，而她却呆在家里？
另外，should（ought to）+ have done结构如果用于肯定句，则表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做，含有“遗憾、责备、建议或指正”等意味；如果是否定句，则表示本不应该做某事而实际上做了。例如：
You should / ought to have told him the paint on that seat is wet. 你本应告诉他座位上的油漆未干。
They shouldn’t / oughtn’t to have left so soon. 他们不该这么早就离开。