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当前,国有企业无论在发达国家或发展中国家均占有一定比重。在发达国家,国有企业产值占国内总产值的比重平均为10％左右,占工业总产值的比重平均为20％左右,占全国投资总额的比重平均为20％以上。其中,一些西欧国家的相应比重还要高些。例如,直到1993年,法国仍有2700多家公营企业,其产值占国内生产总值的18％,占全国投资总额的25％。在发展中国家,上述各项比重平均分别为13％、25％、35％左右。进入80年代以来,国有企业在对各国经济继续发挥重要作用的同时,也面临着需要调整和改进的局面。各国政府普遍从转换企业经营机制入手,开始探索改进国有企业经营管理、提高经济效率的方法和途径。在具体做法上,各国因社会经济条件不同而采取了不同的政策措施。这里仅就一些主要国家的情况和做法作一介绍。
At present, state-owned enterprises have a certain share in both developed and developing countries. In developed countries, the output value of state-owned enterprises accounts for an average of about 10% of GDP, and the average proportion of total industrial output value is about 20%, and the proportion of total investment in the country averages more than 20%. Among them, the corresponding proportion of some Western European countries is even higher. For example, until 1993, France still had more than 2,700 public enterprises, whose output value accounted for 18% of GDP and accounted for 25% of the total investment in the country. In developing countries, the above-mentioned proportions are on average about 13%, 25%, and 35% respectively. Since the 1980s, while state-owned enterprises have continued to play an important role in the economy of various countries, they have also faced a situation that needs adjustment and improvement. The governments of various countries generally start by changing the operating mechanism of enterprises and begin to explore ways and means to improve the management of state-owned enterprises and improve economic efficiency. In terms of specific practices, different countries have adopted different policies and measures because of different social and economic conditions. Here is just a brief introduction to the situation and practices of some major countries.