清代有很多反清的秘密结社,道光十五年(1835年)黄爵滋在敬陈六事疏中曾提到一些他所知道的名号说:“以臣所闻,直隶、山东、山西之‘教匪’、河南之‘捻匪’、四川之‘嘓匪’、江北之‘盐枭’、江西福建之‘担匪’,‘刀匪’,及随地所有不著名目之‘棍匪’、‘窃匪’。”实际当不止此。在许多秘密结社中,主要的有白莲教、天地会和哥老会。这三个著名的秘密结社,目标虽都是反抗清朝的统治,但是,“教”与“会”之间的源流、组织和活动区域却各有不同。白莲教是在清朝以前就已经在中国社会上存在着的一个秘密结社。在十四世纪时,它已将摩尼教、弥勒教、佛教、道教以及各种各样的民间宗教杂揉在一起,形成了自己的教义;并用这种教义把被压迫者团结和组织起来,向 In the Qing Dynasty, there were many secret associations in the anti-qing dynasty. During the 15 years of Daoguang (1835), Huang Jizi, in respect of Chen Shui-bian, referred to some of the names he knew, saying: “According to the court records, Zhili, Shandong, ’Bandit’ in Shanxi, ’Bandit in Henan’, ’Banditry in Sichuan’, ’Salt Shark in Jiangbei’, ’Banditry’ in Fujian Province, ’Banditry’ and ’Knife Bandit’ all over the country ’,’ Thieves’. ”When more than that. Among many secret societies, there are mainly White Lotus, Tiandu and Brother Old. Although these three well-known secret societies are all aimed at opposing the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the origins, organizations and areas of activity between “teaching” and “meeting” are different. White Lotus was a secret association that existed in Chinese society before the Qing Dynasty. In the fourteenth century, it has brought together Manichaeism, the Maitreya, Buddhism, Taoism and various folk religions to form its own doctrine and used that doctrine to unite and organize the oppressed ,to