清代,是我国古代煤窑市场化程度最高的时期。煤炭开采过程中的互相兼并、持股、转卖、合伙经营、出租等形式多所出现。不仅如此,在其操作层面上,也越来越规范化和程式化。许多矿商、窑主、山主,以及煤窑经营者,比较注重通过签订合同,来明确当事人之间的权利、义务和应承担的责任,这类的合同是比较多的,这是我国矿业经济史中值得注意的现象。最近见到一份清代同治年间的出租煤窑合同,就比较有代表性。 The Qing Dynasty was the period with the highest degree of marketization in China’s ancient coal kilns. Mutual mergers, shareholdings, resales, partnerships, leases and other forms of coal mining have emerged. Not only that, but also on its operational level, it has become increasingly standardized and stylized. Many miners, kiln owners, mountain owners, and coal kiln operators have paid more attention to clarifying the rights, obligations, and responsibilities of the parties through the signing of contracts. These types of contracts are relatively numerous. This is China’s mining economy. A noteworthy phenomenon in history. Recently, I saw a rental coal mine contract during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty that was more representative.