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书面表达旨在考查学生的英语表达能力,即运用学过的英语知识和掌握的技能进行思想交流的能力。现在的书面表达,实质上是一种控制性(controlled writing)或指导性写作(guided writing),它不得离开要求去自行立意、随意发挥;它类似于“翻译”,又比 “翻译”有较大的灵活性。它只是在指定范围内比较灵活的写作。它要求学生根据所给的情景和要求写出一篇文理通顺、语言准确、连贯流畅、地道得体的短文。所以学生只有掌握住一定的写作技巧,才能使写出的作文内容完整,语言准确、生动而富有变化,行文流畅,才能获取高分。那么如何才能写出一篇优秀的书面表达呢?
一、短话长说
近几年全国高考的书面表达所提供的信息越来越简单,呈现半开放的命题方式,这既是对新课程理念的响应,也是30多年探索的必然选择,这样给同学们提供了更大的发挥空间,但也提出了更高的要求。如果仅仅简单地翻译提纲所给信息,文章就显得单调无味,连字数都达不到要求,当然拿不到高分。这时我们就可以采用“长话短说”的方法。所谓 “短话长说”,就是要对所给信息进行合理,有效地补述和追述,通过适当添加成分,使你的书面表达更加连贯,饱满。
1.添加与所给信息有关的前因后果及条件、目的、时间、地点等内容。
例如:1)咖啡屋(Bolton Coffee)见面取消。
拓展:因为我有一个重要活动要参加。 (原因状语)
Tracy called,saying that she couldn’’’’t meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning. as she would have something important to attend.
2)我们希望你能接受我们的邀请。
拓展:如果你方便的话。(条件状语)
We hope that you will accept our invitation if it is convenient for you.
3)我想找一位英国笔友。
拓展:以便提高我的英语水平。(目的状语)
I want to have an English pen friend in order to improve my English.
2. 举例说明或适当添加细节。
例如:1)我们有许多共同爱好。
We have a lot of common interests,such as travelling,swimming,fishing.
2)我家住房宽敞。
拓展:位于市中心/位于一个漂亮的小区。
We have a large and clean house,which lies in the centre of the city/a beautiful area of the city.
3.加谚语(Proverb) 添加的谚语要与所给信息有关。
We should focus our mind on our studies. As the saying goes,“No pains,no gains.”
4.为了突现文章的真实交际功能,适当表达自己真实情感。
如开头用:I’m glad/sorry to say…
结尾用:
I would greatly appreciate it if…
I’m sure you will…
It was quite an experience for us both,which I’’’’ll never forget for the rest of my life. … etc.
二、锤炼句子
在书面表达中,能正确使用复杂句式,如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、强调和倒装结构等,是语言驾驭能力的很好的体现,也是评卷老师判定高考英语书面表达档次的重要依据。因此,力求句子长短交错,合理穿插,结构多变,可以使句子更加漂亮,以增加文章的亮度。
1. 改变句子的开头方式
句子不要一味都用主语开头,接着是谓语、宾语,最后再加一个状语。可以把状语置于句首,或用分词作状语等。
试比较:
The young man couldn’t help crying when he heard the bad news.
→Hearing the bad news,the young man couldn’t help crying.
2. 在整篇文章中,避免只使用一两个句式。在一篇文章中,要灵活运用诸如强调句、主从复合句、分词短语、倒装句、省略句等。
The dog has saved my little sister bravely.
→It is the dog that has saved my little sister bravely. (强调句)
We had to stand there to catch the offender.
→What we had to do was to stand there,trying to catch the offender. (主语从句、分词结构)
The driver escaped and didn’t stop,he left the old man lying on the road.
→The driver escaped without stopping,leaving the old man lying on the road. (介词短语、分词结构)
I went to bed at 11:30.
→Not until 11:30 did I go to bed . (倒装句) We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced.
→After a short rest,we had great fun singing and dancing. (介词短语、分词结构)
三、巧用连词
一篇好的书面表达,还应该行文连贯流畅,具有“逻辑美”。使用恰当连接词,能使文章上下衔接自然、紧凑,使文章更为地道,更具“英语味”。 有了这些词的连接,文章就会变得语句通顺,层次分明,有声有色,而不再是支离破碎的一个一个的单句。常用连接词如下:
1.表示并列或递进:and,as well,as well as,both…and,not only…but also,neither…nor;
2.表示选择:or,either…or;
3.表示转折:but,however,nevertheless,although,though,or else,otherwise,after all,by the way,incidentally;
4.表示因果:because,as,since,for,for this reason,so,as a result,thus,hence,therefore,accordingly;
5.表示条件:if so,unless,provided that,on condition that;
6.表示对比:while,whereas,instead,not…but,on the contrary,on the one hand…on the other hand;
7.表示解释:for example,for instance,such as,e.g.,that is,that is to say,namely,viz,ie,in other words;
8.表示顺序:to begin with,for one thing,firstly,first (of all),second(ly),next,later,soon afterwards,since then,from then on,lastly,finally,in the end;
9.表示强调:also,besides,furthermore,moreover,what’ s more,certainly,actually,in fact,as a matter of fact;
10.表示结论:to sum up,in all,altogether,in a word,in short,generally speaking,as is known to all.
有了好的方法,再加上教师的耐心辅导,学生必然能打下扎实的英语基础。全面提高书面表达的水平,离不开平时的点滴积累和不断磨练,这样才能达到理想的效果。
一、短话长说
近几年全国高考的书面表达所提供的信息越来越简单,呈现半开放的命题方式,这既是对新课程理念的响应,也是30多年探索的必然选择,这样给同学们提供了更大的发挥空间,但也提出了更高的要求。如果仅仅简单地翻译提纲所给信息,文章就显得单调无味,连字数都达不到要求,当然拿不到高分。这时我们就可以采用“长话短说”的方法。所谓 “短话长说”,就是要对所给信息进行合理,有效地补述和追述,通过适当添加成分,使你的书面表达更加连贯,饱满。
1.添加与所给信息有关的前因后果及条件、目的、时间、地点等内容。
例如:1)咖啡屋(Bolton Coffee)见面取消。
拓展:因为我有一个重要活动要参加。 (原因状语)
Tracy called,saying that she couldn’’’’t meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning. as she would have something important to attend.
2)我们希望你能接受我们的邀请。
拓展:如果你方便的话。(条件状语)
We hope that you will accept our invitation if it is convenient for you.
3)我想找一位英国笔友。
拓展:以便提高我的英语水平。(目的状语)
I want to have an English pen friend in order to improve my English.
2. 举例说明或适当添加细节。
例如:1)我们有许多共同爱好。
We have a lot of common interests,such as travelling,swimming,fishing.
2)我家住房宽敞。
拓展:位于市中心/位于一个漂亮的小区。
We have a large and clean house,which lies in the centre of the city/a beautiful area of the city.
3.加谚语(Proverb) 添加的谚语要与所给信息有关。
We should focus our mind on our studies. As the saying goes,“No pains,no gains.”
4.为了突现文章的真实交际功能,适当表达自己真实情感。
如开头用:I’m glad/sorry to say…
结尾用:
I would greatly appreciate it if…
I’m sure you will…
It was quite an experience for us both,which I’’’’ll never forget for the rest of my life. … etc.
二、锤炼句子
在书面表达中,能正确使用复杂句式,如定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、强调和倒装结构等,是语言驾驭能力的很好的体现,也是评卷老师判定高考英语书面表达档次的重要依据。因此,力求句子长短交错,合理穿插,结构多变,可以使句子更加漂亮,以增加文章的亮度。
1. 改变句子的开头方式
句子不要一味都用主语开头,接着是谓语、宾语,最后再加一个状语。可以把状语置于句首,或用分词作状语等。
试比较:
The young man couldn’t help crying when he heard the bad news.
→Hearing the bad news,the young man couldn’t help crying.
2. 在整篇文章中,避免只使用一两个句式。在一篇文章中,要灵活运用诸如强调句、主从复合句、分词短语、倒装句、省略句等。
The dog has saved my little sister bravely.
→It is the dog that has saved my little sister bravely. (强调句)
We had to stand there to catch the offender.
→What we had to do was to stand there,trying to catch the offender. (主语从句、分词结构)
The driver escaped and didn’t stop,he left the old man lying on the road.
→The driver escaped without stopping,leaving the old man lying on the road. (介词短语、分词结构)
I went to bed at 11:30.
→Not until 11:30 did I go to bed . (倒装句) We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced.
→After a short rest,we had great fun singing and dancing. (介词短语、分词结构)
三、巧用连词
一篇好的书面表达,还应该行文连贯流畅,具有“逻辑美”。使用恰当连接词,能使文章上下衔接自然、紧凑,使文章更为地道,更具“英语味”。 有了这些词的连接,文章就会变得语句通顺,层次分明,有声有色,而不再是支离破碎的一个一个的单句。常用连接词如下:
1.表示并列或递进:and,as well,as well as,both…and,not only…but also,neither…nor;
2.表示选择:or,either…or;
3.表示转折:but,however,nevertheless,although,though,or else,otherwise,after all,by the way,incidentally;
4.表示因果:because,as,since,for,for this reason,so,as a result,thus,hence,therefore,accordingly;
5.表示条件:if so,unless,provided that,on condition that;
6.表示对比:while,whereas,instead,not…but,on the contrary,on the one hand…on the other hand;
7.表示解释:for example,for instance,such as,e.g.,that is,that is to say,namely,viz,ie,in other words;
8.表示顺序:to begin with,for one thing,firstly,first (of all),second(ly),next,later,soon afterwards,since then,from then on,lastly,finally,in the end;
9.表示强调:also,besides,furthermore,moreover,what’ s more,certainly,actually,in fact,as a matter of fact;
10.表示结论:to sum up,in all,altogether,in a word,in short,generally speaking,as is known to all.
有了好的方法,再加上教师的耐心辅导,学生必然能打下扎实的英语基础。全面提高书面表达的水平,离不开平时的点滴积累和不断磨练,这样才能达到理想的效果。