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人类基因技术引发了一系列复杂的社会和伦理问题,“人类基因权利图谱”在法律上及早成形具有迫切性。我国大陆地区对人类基因技术问题尚未形成全面、系统的法律规范政策,基因权利立法阙如。主体对自身特定基因的权利可以称之为基因权,即自然人基于自己的特定基因而享有的人格权,包括基因平等权、基因自主权、基因隐私权、基因公开权等子权利。利益相关者对他人基因信息也可能享有基因专利权、基因信息知情权、基因资源所有权等财产权或信息权。这些基因上的权利之间存在着潜在冲突,需要理性平衡和合理协调,制定《基因技术法》,尤其要在未来民法典人格权编中身体权之外形成基因权利法。
Human gene technology has triggered a series of complex social and ethical issues. “It is imperative that the map of human genetic rights be legally shaped early.” China’s mainland has yet to form a comprehensive and systematic legal norms policy on human gene technology, and there is no legislation on gene rights. The subject’s right to a specific gene can be called genetic rights, that is, the personality rights that natural persons enjoy based on their own particular genes, including the rights of genetic equality, genetic autonomy, genetic privacy and gene openness. Stakeholders may also have the right to property or information such as gene patent rights, the right to know genetic information and the ownership of genetic resources to other people’s genetic information. There is a potential conflict between these genetic rights, which requires a rational balance and reasonable coordination to formulate the “Gene Technology Law,” and in particular the Gene Right Law should be formed outside of the right of body in the personality code of the Civil Code in the future.