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1. By the time I got up , my brother had already gotten in the shower.到我起床时,哥哥已经在洗澡了。(p．76)此句中介词by指时间,意思为“不迟于;到……时(为止)”。by引导的时间状语通常与完成时态连用。例如: By the end of last year, we had learned ten English songs.