为了清楚阐述本书所讨论的对象、性质和范围,首先,我认为应该对各种不同种类的文学研究加以确切的区别。一般认为,文学的研究可以划分为两个主要的分支——文学史和文学批评——虽然有时也可分为三类:文学理论、文学批评和文学史。这后一种分类中的文学批评,实际上是指实用批评。尽管这一说法还未得到普遍的承认,许多作家还在继续以“文学批评”这一术语来概括理论探讨和实用批评。我却认为应该保持二者的区别,而把它们都看作是文学批评的再划分。然后,就理论性批评来说,在文学理论(the— In order to clarify the object, nature and scope of the book discussed in this book, first of all, I think we should make the exact distinction between different kinds of literary studies. It is generally believed that the study of literature can be divided into two major branches - literary history and literary criticism - though sometimes divided into three categories: literary theory, literary criticism and literary history. The literary criticism in this latter category actually refers to practical criticism. Although this statement has not yet been universally acknowledged, many writers continue to summarize theoretical discussions and practical criticisms in the term “literary criticism.” I think it is necessary to maintain the distinction between the two and regard them both as the redistribution of literary criticism. Then, for theoretical criticism, in the theology-