流感病毒感染是导致人类呼吸系统疾病的主要原因之一,流感暴发流行主要由典型的甲型流感(H1N1或H3N2亚型)或乙型流感病毒引起。老人和免疫功能低下的人群感染流感病毒易引发并发症导致高病死率,而成为流感高危人群。因此,建议高危人群每年进行疫苗接种。疫苗主要针对血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)诱导抗体应答反应,从而对机体产生一定的保护性免疫。疫苗的使用明显降低了易感人群的发病率和病死率。然而,经疫苗接种 Influenza virus infection is one of the leading causes of respiratory diseases in humans. Influenza outbreaks are caused mainly by the typical influenza A (H1N1 or H3N2) or Influenza B virus. Influenza infection in elderly and immunocompromised populations predisposes to high mortality due to complications and becomes a high-risk population of influenza. Therefore, it is recommended that high-risk groups be vaccinated annually. The vaccine mainly targets hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) to induce antibody response, which produces some protective immunity to the body. Vaccine use significantly reduced morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations. However, vaccination