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外泌体是一种具有脂质双分子层的细胞外小分子囊泡，其内包含RNA和蛋白质等生物活性物质，可在细胞间进行物质转运和信息传递。脑缺血后，神经元来源的外泌体通过调节胶质细胞的活化进而影响神经炎症的发生和发展，活化的胶质细胞则分泌含有炎性因子或炎症相关微RNA的外泌体调节神经元的存亡。研究显示，外泌体可作为脑缺血后炎性损伤的生物标志物和治疗靶点。文章阐述了外泌体的组成和功能及其在脑缺血后神经炎症中的作用和可能机制。“,”Exosomes are extracellular small molecular vesicles with lipid bilayers, which contain biologically active substances such as RNA and proteins. Exosomes can conduct material transport and information transmission between cells. After cerebral ischemia, neuron-derived exosomes affect the occurrence and development of neuroinflammation by regulating the activation of glial cells, and the activated glial cells secrete exosomes containing inflammatory factors or inflammation related microRNAs to regulate the survival or death of neurons. Studies have shown that exosomes can be used as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for inflammatory injury after cerebral ischemia. This article describes the composition and function of exosomes, as well as their role and possible mechanism in neuroinflammation after cerebral ischemia.