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在遗传学家和考古学家们的共同努力下,越来越多关于动植物最早被驯化的时间和地点方面的研究,在全球范围内不断取得进展。尽管如此,对于全世界那十几个农业独立起源的中心而言,其多样化的作物最终形成不同的作物组或群的重要背景,学者们却依然知之甚少。北美东部作为农业独立起源中心地之一,考古证据丰富。本文主要介绍了该区作物群的最初出现过程。距今4000年前,北美东部只有单个本地驯化物种出现的孤立证据,尚未出现作物群。到了距今3800年前,在北美东部的河谷走廊地带,至少有五种驯化的种子植物组成了明确的作物群。伊利诺斯州的一个短期营地里弗顿遗址为此提供了坚实的证据。考古学家获取的AMS测年数据以及对该遗址植物考古遗存的再分析表明,遗址居民同时栽培了驯化的葫芦(Lagenaria siceraria)、假苍耳(Iva annuavar.macrocarpa)、向日葵(Helianthus annuus var.Macrocarpus)、两种伯兰德氏藜(Chenopodium berlandieri)、南瓜(Cucurbita pepo squash)和小大麦(Hordeum pusillum)。北美东部最早的作物群出现在资源丰富的河谷地带,它的出现既不是本地文化突破性发展的标志,也不是对人口或资源压力的回应。相反,这种作物群似乎是在对资源丰富的河谷聚落长期适应的背景下形成的。
With the joint efforts of geneticists and archaeologists, more and more studies on the timing and location of the earliest domesticated animals and plants have been made progressively making progress on a global scale. Nonetheless, academics still do not know much about the diverse backgrounds of a diverse crop group or cluster of diversified crops for that dozen or so centers of independent agricultural origin in the world. Eastern North America, as one of the centers of independent agricultural origin, has abundant archaeological evidence. This paper mainly introduces the initial emergence process of crop group in this area. 4000 years ago, there was only isolated evidence of the emergence of a single domesticated species in eastern North America, and no crop groups have yet emerged. By 3800 years ago, at least five domesticated seed plants formed a clear crop in the valley corridor of eastern North America. The Riverton site, a short-term camp in Illinois, provides solid evidence of this. AMS dating data obtained by archaeologists and reanalysis of archaeological remains of the site indicate that the site residents also cultivated both domesticated gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), Iva annuavar. Macrocarpa, and Helianthus annuus var. Macrocarpus, two Chenopodium berlandieri, Cucurbita pepo squash and Hordeum pusillum. The emergence of the earliest crop group in eastern North America in resource-rich river valleys is neither a sign of a breakthrough in local culture nor a response to population or resource pressure. Instead, this crop group appears to have formed in the context of long-term adaptation to resource-rich valley settlements.