论文部分内容阅读
19世纪末,电子、X射线和放射性的发现,对经典物理学的理论提出了挑战,导致近代物理学的诞生。本世纪末,高温超导体的发现,原子团簇和纳米固体材料的问世,业已引起物理学家和其他专家的浓厚兴趣,这势必对凝聚态物理学产生深刻的影响。原子团簇指几个、几十个或几百个原子或分子的聚合体。纳米固体是由粒度为1～15纳米的超微颗粒组成的固态物质。两者位于微观世界和宏观世界的交界处,属于人类认识客观世界的新层次。然而纳米固体又不同于原子团簇,它不仅在尺度上要大一些,而且组成它的纳米颗粒可以是晶态、也可以是非晶态。由于微粒尺度属纳米级,因而其界面原子的比例极大,一般占总原子
The late nineteenth century, the discovery of electrons, X-rays and radioactivity posed challenges to the theory of classical physics and led to the birth of modern physics. The advent of high-temperature superconductors and the advent of atomic clusters and nanostructured materials by the end of this century have attracted a great deal of interest from physicists and other experts and will surely have a profound impact on condensed matter physics. An atomic cluster refers to a polymer of several, tens or hundreds of atoms or molecules. Nanosolid is a solid material composed of ultrafine particles of 1 to 15 nm in size. Both are located at the junction of the micro-world and the macro-world and belong to a new level of human understanding of the objective world. However, nano-solid is different from the atomic clusters, it is not only larger in size, and the nanoparticles that make up it can be crystalline or amorphous. As the particle size is nano-scale, so the proportion of the interface atoms is extremely large, the total atomic weight