“完成句子”的命题角度

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  编者语:完成句子是在具体的语境中,灵活运用英语语言知识,考查语言输出能力;既考查词汇储量,又凸显英语语法知识这类试题。由显性的考查变成隐性的测试,加强和升华了语法知识在具体语言环境中的运用,体现了语言的交际性原则。
  
  一、从谓语动词的变化形式入手
  
  谓语动词的变化主要体现在时态和语态上,这是处理完成句子的基本点。动词时态共计16种,常用的有9种,其中较难掌握的结构是(以do为例): be being done(被动进行时), have been doing (完成进行时), will be doing (将来进行式), have been done (完成被动式)等。
  1. 谓语动词在简单句、并列句和主、从复合句中的变化。
  We _______ (起床) before dawn. It was still dark outside. (get)
  解析: 答案是got up。考查谓语动词在简单句中的变化。本句的测试点是一般过去时。
  The fact _______ (他失败了数次) makes him very upset. (he, fail)(2007年高考湖北卷)
  解析:答案是that he has failed(for) several times。考查谓语动词在同位语从句中的变化。本题的测试点是同位语从句中的that不能省略及现在完成时。
  2. 谓语动词在主谓一致中的变化。
  谓语动词在主谓一致中的变化主要体现在人称和数的一致上,当然时态和语态的变化仍旧是不能忽视的。要求同学们熟练掌握这一语法现象。
  With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth _______ (冲走) each year. (wash)
  解析:答案是are being washed away。考查quantities of 修饰名词做主语时,谓语要用复数形式;以及被动语态。
  E-mail, as well as telephones, _______ (起着重要作用) in daily communication. (play)
  解析:答案是is playing an important part/role。考查as well as在连接平行主语时,谓语要和前面的主语保持一致;短语动词play an important part/role in (在……方面起着重要作用);以及现在进行时。
  3. 谓语动词在倒装结构中的变化。
  谓语动词在倒装结构中的变化主要体现在助动词和情态动词的选择上。
  Not only _______ (要帮助) the disabled to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for those who need it. (give)(2007年高考湖北卷)
  解析:答案是will help be given to。考查Not only引导的倒装结构;一般将来时;以及被动语态。
  Not until all the fish died in the river _______ (村民才意识到) how serious the pollution was. (realize)
  解析:答案是did the villagers realize。考查Not until从句放在句首时,主句谓语要用倒装结构。
  4. 谓语动词在虚拟语气和情态动词中的变化。
  谓语动词在虚拟语气和情态动词中的变化主要表现在:情态动词表示“推测”,情态动词与“完成体”及后接虚拟语气的部分动词。
  Had he worked harder, he _______ (通过了考试). (get)
  解析:答案是might/could/would have got through the exam。考查虚拟语气的用法。
  It _______ (一定下雨来着) last night. The playground is still wet. (must)
  解析:答案是must have been raining。考查情态动词表示“推测”的运用。must用在肯定句中,语气最强,表示对过去事情的推测时,谓语动词用完成体。
  
  二、从非谓语动词的变化形式入手
  
  非谓语动词的变化包括主语、宾语(表语)、补语、定语和状语的变化。
  1. 非谓语动词用作主语的变化。
  动名词和动词不定式都可以用作主语。其逻辑主语的构成及否定形式也是考查的要点。
  ________ (他的粗心) caused us so much trouble. (his, be)
  解析:答案是His being careless。考查动名词做主语及其逻辑主语的构成。动名词的逻辑主语一般使用所有格形式。
  It is important and necessary for _______ (我们掌握一门外语和电脑技能). (master)
  解析:答案是us to master a foreign language and computer skills。考查动词不定式做主语及其复合结构(逻辑主语)。
  2. 非谓语动词用作宾语(表语)的变化。
  _______ (只有降低成本) will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies. (keep)
  解析: 答案是Only by keeping down costs。考查动名词作介词的宾语;动词短语keep down “降低”。
  He claimed _______ (遭受了虐待) in the supermarket when he was going shopping yesterday. (treat)
  解析: 答案是to have been badly treated。考查不定式的时态和语态。从语境判断本句是完成被动体用法。
  3. 非谓语动词用作补语的变化。
  When you hang wet clothes near a fire, you will see steam _______ (从潮湿的衣服上升起). (rise)
  解析: 答案是rising from them。考查在感官动词中非谓语作补语的用法。一般结构(以see为例): See + n. + doing/done/do/being done (主动);be seen + doing/done/to do/being done (被动)。
  My advisor _______ (鼓励我参加) a summer course to improve my writing skills. (encourage)
  解析: 答案是encouraged me to take。考查不定式的双宾结构。动词allow, advise, encourage, forbid, permit, ask等都可以接 sb. to do 结构。
  4. 非谓语动词用作定语的变化。
  规律: 被动的完成的动作用过去分词;进行的动作用现在分词;未来的动作用不定式。
  The computer centre _______ (去年竣工的) costs lots of money. (build)
  解析: 答案是built last year。考查非谓语动词用作定语的变化。被动的完成的动作用过去分词。又如: being built now“正在建造的”; to be built next year “明年将要建造的”。
  I’m going to the post office. Do you have anything _______ (带到那)? (take)
  解析: 答案是to be taken there。考查不定式作定语。当不定式的逻辑主语是句子的主语时,常用主动形式,如果不定式的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时,则用被动关系。如: I’m going to the supermarket this afternoon. Do you have anything to buy?
  5. 非谓语动词用作状语的变化。
  All these gifts must be mailed immediately so as _______ (收到) in time for Christmas. (receive)
  解析: 答案是to be received。考查不定式作目的状语及被动语态。
  _______ (穿着白色制服), he looks more like a cook than a doctor. (dress)
  解析: 答案是Dressed in a white uniform。考查过去分词作原因状语。
  
  三、从连词及其从句的变化形式入手
  
  以连词为给定词引导的各种从句主要包括:名词从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同语从句);状语从句和定语从句。
  1. 名词从句包括主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句和同位语从句。
  In front of the whole class, he made his promise _______ (他一定要获奖). (that)
  解析: 答案是that he would win the prize。考查同位语从句的连接词。在同位语从句中连接词that不能省略。
  These wild flowers are so special I would do _______ (尽力挽救他们). (whatever I)
  解析:答案是whatever/what I can to save them。考查宾语从句的连接词及习惯用法do what/whatever/all one can to do sth.。
  _______ (她将出席会议) has excited every one of us. (that)
  解析:答案是That she will come to the conference。考查主语从句的连接词。在主语从句中连接词that不能省略。
  The question is _______ (我们怎样才能脱离困境). (how, we)
  解析:答案是how we can get out of trouble。考查表语从句的连接词。
  2. 状语从句中连接词的变化。
  _______ (他们一听到) the shout for help, they rushed out. (immediately)
  解析: 答案是Immediately they heard。考查运用immediately, directly, instantly等形似副词实则表达连词效果的词,意为“一……就……”。
  The American Civil War lasted four years _______ (北方才最终取得胜利). (before)
  解析: 答案是before the North won in the end。考查before的运用。全句意为:美国南北战争持续了四年北方才最终取得胜利。
  3. 定语从句中连接词的变化。
  The film brought the hours back to me _______ (我受到很好照料的) in that far?鄄away village. (when)
  解析:答案是when I was taken good care of。本句的测试点是关系副词的运用和动词的被动语态。
  This is the third book he has written in the past five years,_________ (我还是喜欢读第一本). (which)
  解析:答案是the first of which/of which the first I still enjoy reading。本句的测试点是“介词 + 关系代词”型的定语从句。
  
  四、从名词(介词、形容词/副词)
   及其句子成分的变化入手
  
  1. 名词及其句子成分在句中的变化。
  She has an excellent _______ (对名字的记忆力), which helps her write a lot in her work. (memory)(2007年高考湖北卷)
  解析:答案是memory for names。考查名词结构作宾语。
  You must get there within an hour. There should be no _______ (延迟传递信息) to him. (delay)
  解析:答案是delay in sending this information。考查名词结构作表语。
  2. 形容词/副词及其句子成分在句中的变化。
  The factory’s output of cars this year is _______ (大约是去年的三倍). (as, great)(2007年高考湖北卷)
  解析: 答案是about three times as great as that of last year。本句的测试点是程度比较结构的运用。
  You can take as many as you like because they are ________(免费). (free)
  解析:答案是free of charge。考查形容词作表语及短语free of charge“免费”。
  3. 介词及其句子成分在句中的变化。
  For miles around me there was nothing but a desert, _______ (看不到一颗植物或树). (without, sight)
  解析:答案是without a single plant or tree in sight。考查介词短语作状语及复合宾语结构。
  Sorry, Madam. You’d better come tomorrow because it’s _________(过了拜访的时间). (beyond)
  解析: 答案是beyond the visiting hours。 考查介词短语作表语。
  
  五、从特殊结构的变化入手
  
  1. there be 结构的变化。
  _______ (据说有) a secret tunnel beneath the building. (there)
  解析: 答案是There is said to be。考查there be结构的变形。
  _______ (毫无疑问) that tomorrow’s meeting will be put off. (there)
  解析:答案是There is no doubt。考查“There is no + 名词/动名词”结构。
  2. 强调结构的变化。
  What he wanted to know is _______ (究竟什么时候) that I could finish writing the report. (it)
  解析: 答案是when it was。考查表语从句中强调结构的语序。
  _______ (是我) who made a terrible mistake in the meeting yesterday. (it)
  解析: 答案是It was I。考查强调主格代词的运用。
  3. 分割句式的变化。
  The theory, formed thousands of years ago, which people believed in, _______ (现在证明) to be wrong by many scientists. (prove)
  解析: 答案是now proves。考查主谓分隔现象。本句的测试点是句子结构和prove一词的用法。
  We might keep in mind when we pass a big building or see an airplane or a car we are looking at ________ (人类的劳动成果) in this tradition. (fruit)
  解析: 答案是the fruits of man’s labour。考查动宾分隔现象。本句的测试点是对名词宾语结构的考查。
  4. 结构对称句式的变化。
  Man _______ (而不是自然) can save the earth. (than)
  解析: 答案是rather than nature。考查主语的对称结构。
  Most of the students in this school can _______ (唱歌跳舞). (as)
  解析: 答案是dance as well as sing。考查谓语的对称结构。
  
   [作者单位:湖北省老河口市第一中学]
  责任编辑:钟梅
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