鸦片战争以后 ,晚清官僚分为开明派和顽固派。就其思维方式而言 ,顽固派完全承袭了鸦片战争前官僚们那种经验思维、机械思维的旧模式 ,一味株守“天不变道亦不变”的陈腐教条。他们的视野所及不出国门之外 ,对时局采取闭目塞听的态度。开明派的思维方式较鸦片战争前的官僚们的思维方式有些变动 ,已从历代官僚们那种治乱兴衰经验思维的樊篱中跳出来 ,转变为立足现实 ,放眼世界 ,一切从现实出发的直观思维方式 After the Opium War, late Qing officials were divided into enlightened and die-hards. As far as their mode of thinking is concerned, the die-hards completely followed the old model of experiential thinking and mechanical thinking of the bureaucrats before the Opium War and stubbornly doggedly sticking to the principle of “keeping the same or the same”. Their vision does not go abroad, taking a close look at the current situation. The mode of thinking of the enlightened schools was somewhat changed from the way of thinking of the bureaucrats before the Opium War and it has been transformed from the barriers of bureaucrats’ thinking in the vicissitudes of the history of oppression and development to an intuition based on reality and the world and everything proceeding from reality Way of thinking