论文部分内容阅读
阅读理解是高中英语教学的重点。其目的不仅是要让学生获取文章提供的信息，领悟文章的内涵，更重要的是要使学生掌握阅读的方法和技巧，成为一个具有独立阅读能力的人。提高阅读理解能力有多方面的方法和技巧，而猜测词义是语篇理解的基本条件和关键。近年来，高考中也加大了对考生词义猜测能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的词义猜测能力的技巧，对突破高考阅读理解、提高英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。
当学生碰到生词时，切莫惊慌。事实上，阅读材料中的每一个词，与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。只要抓住了这个联系的线索就可以猜出。猜测词义的线索多种多样，更常用的有下列几种：
1.根据定义解释猜测词义：“解释”是指用较浅显的文字对某一难词或生词加以说明。
例1. Before long， many diners stayed open around the clock. In other words， people were able to eat in a diner at any time.
析：根据in other words之后的解释，我们可得出diner是一种吃饭的场所，即餐厅、快餐店等。
例2.…He says Lieberman’s charisma is key. “Food TV isn’t about food anymore，” says Flay. “It’s about your personality and finding a way to keep people’s eyeballs on your show.” (2007全国Ⅱ.A篇)
What does the word “charisma” underlined in the text refer to?
A. A natural ability to attract others
B. A way to show one’s achievement
C. Lieberman’s after-class interest
D. Lieberman’s fine cooking skill
析：“It’s about your personality…”这句话来解释划线的词， 指能够吸引别人的天生本领、个性。答案为A。
2.根据对比关系猜测词义。通过对比，可以突出某个词的特征或含义，从而猜测词义。
例：…The house looked quite normal outside， but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display.(2006 江西.B篇)
Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic”?A. Messy and untidy. B. Rich and expensive.
C. Comfortable and calming. D. Foreign and unusual.
析：根据上文和表示转折意义的连词but，运用对比关系进行推断， 可知答案为D。
3.根据并列结构猜测词义：即指一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴，这样，知其一便可猜出所猜之词。
例：…Indeed， any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces， stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. (2007 广东卷.A篇)
The underlined phrase “stately homes” in Paragraph 4 means ____.
A. state-owned houses
B. houses in very good condition
C. grand houses opened to the public
D. houses where statesmen meet regularly
析：palace， stately homes和museums属于同一范畴，对比四个选项，并对应上下文，C项符合题意。
4.根据因果关系猜测词义：后一句承接前一句，前一句情况导致后一句结果，线索是因果关系。
例：…The low test score， they think， will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university， they fear that many of life’s doors will remain forever closed.(2007江西卷.C篇)
“A prestigious university” is most probably ____.
A. a famous universityB. a technical university
C. a traditional universityD. an expensive university
析：“低的分数不能进入好的大学，而没有好的、著名大学的文凭，许多生活之门将对他们关闭。”前后句形成因果关系，得出答案A。
5.根据列举的具体事例猜测词义：即根据上下文所列出的具体事例得出一个概括性、总体性的词的词义。
例： More American people take their troubles with them on holiday， according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said the main reason for going away is to escape from work， almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said they are happy and free of care. (2005安徽.A篇)
The underlined word“survey” in the first paragraph most probably means ____.
A. research B. review C. exhibitionD. examination
析：由下文中的具體数字，可以推断出这是一次调查，答案为A。
6.根据生活常识猜测词义：即在上下文理解的基础上，依据自身的生活经验，运用合理的推理，猜出词义。
例： …The plants are about one metre apart. The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimetres high. Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots， of young leaves. It is from these shoots that the best tea is got. (2005江西.D篇)
In the first paragraph， the word “pruning” means ____.
A. regular cutting of the plants
B. frequent watering
C. regular use of chemicals
D. growing the plants high in the mountain
析：根据生活常识可知：为了促进嫩芽、嫩叶的生长，茶树必须修剪而保持在60-90 厘米的高度。所以，所猜词的词义为剪枝、修剪。答案为A。
7.根据构词法猜测词义：有些生词可以借助词根、前缀和后缀等构词法知识来进行词义的猜测。一般来讲，前缀决定词义，后缀决定词性。构词法线索在猜词中运用的非常广泛。
例： He laughed and shrugged， “I have no choice，” he said， “I must admit it’s unavoidable.”
析：我们知道词根avoid是“避免、逃避”的意思。后缀-able说明这个词为形容词;前缀un-表示“否定，相反”的含义，所以可以推测出unavoidable 的意思是“不可避免的”。
总之，当我们要猜测生词词义或遇到词义猜测类试题时，记住，不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思;但不管这个词多熟悉，也得通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。只要我们灵活运用上述线索，结合生词所在的句子和段落，顺藤摸瓜，总会得出满意的结果。
当学生碰到生词时，切莫惊慌。事实上，阅读材料中的每一个词，与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。只要抓住了这个联系的线索就可以猜出。猜测词义的线索多种多样，更常用的有下列几种：
1.根据定义解释猜测词义：“解释”是指用较浅显的文字对某一难词或生词加以说明。
例1. Before long， many diners stayed open around the clock. In other words， people were able to eat in a diner at any time.
析：根据in other words之后的解释，我们可得出diner是一种吃饭的场所，即餐厅、快餐店等。
例2.…He says Lieberman’s charisma is key. “Food TV isn’t about food anymore，” says Flay. “It’s about your personality and finding a way to keep people’s eyeballs on your show.” (2007全国Ⅱ.A篇)
What does the word “charisma” underlined in the text refer to?
A. A natural ability to attract others
B. A way to show one’s achievement
C. Lieberman’s after-class interest
D. Lieberman’s fine cooking skill
析：“It’s about your personality…”这句话来解释划线的词， 指能够吸引别人的天生本领、个性。答案为A。
2.根据对比关系猜测词义。通过对比，可以突出某个词的特征或含义，从而猜测词义。
例：…The house looked quite normal outside， but inside it was very exotic with fascinating objects on display.(2006 江西.B篇)
Which of the definitions is closest in meaning to the word “exotic”?A. Messy and untidy. B. Rich and expensive.
C. Comfortable and calming. D. Foreign and unusual.
析：根据上文和表示转折意义的连词but，运用对比关系进行推断， 可知答案为D。
3.根据并列结构猜测词义：即指一组词或短语在句中作同一成分，而且它们的词义都属于同一范畴，这样，知其一便可猜出所猜之词。
例：…Indeed， any serious student of antique should spend as much time as possible visiting palaces， stately homes and museums to see some of the finest examples of clocks from the past. (2007 广东卷.A篇)
The underlined phrase “stately homes” in Paragraph 4 means ____.
A. state-owned houses
B. houses in very good condition
C. grand houses opened to the public
D. houses where statesmen meet regularly
析：palace， stately homes和museums属于同一范畴，对比四个选项，并对应上下文，C项符合题意。
4.根据因果关系猜测词义：后一句承接前一句，前一句情况导致后一句结果，线索是因果关系。
例：…The low test score， they think， will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university， they fear that many of life’s doors will remain forever closed.(2007江西卷.C篇)
“A prestigious university” is most probably ____.
A. a famous universityB. a technical university
C. a traditional universityD. an expensive university
析：“低的分数不能进入好的大学，而没有好的、著名大学的文凭，许多生活之门将对他们关闭。”前后句形成因果关系，得出答案A。
5.根据列举的具体事例猜测词义：即根据上下文所列出的具体事例得出一个概括性、总体性的词的词义。
例： More American people take their troubles with them on holiday， according to a new survey. Although 40 percent said the main reason for going away is to escape from work， almost all said they worry more than they do at home. Only four in every 100 said they are happy and free of care. (2005安徽.A篇)
The underlined word“survey” in the first paragraph most probably means ____.
A. research B. review C. exhibitionD. examination
析：由下文中的具體数字，可以推断出这是一次调查，答案为A。
6.根据生活常识猜测词义：即在上下文理解的基础上，依据自身的生活经验，运用合理的推理，猜出词义。
例： …The plants are about one metre apart. The plant is often pruned so that it remains only 60 to 90 centimetres high. Pruning is important because it encourages the growth of tender shoots， of young leaves. It is from these shoots that the best tea is got. (2005江西.D篇)
In the first paragraph， the word “pruning” means ____.
A. regular cutting of the plants
B. frequent watering
C. regular use of chemicals
D. growing the plants high in the mountain
析：根据生活常识可知：为了促进嫩芽、嫩叶的生长，茶树必须修剪而保持在60-90 厘米的高度。所以，所猜词的词义为剪枝、修剪。答案为A。
7.根据构词法猜测词义：有些生词可以借助词根、前缀和后缀等构词法知识来进行词义的猜测。一般来讲，前缀决定词义，后缀决定词性。构词法线索在猜词中运用的非常广泛。
例： He laughed and shrugged， “I have no choice，” he said， “I must admit it’s unavoidable.”
析：我们知道词根avoid是“避免、逃避”的意思。后缀-able说明这个词为形容词;前缀un-表示“否定，相反”的含义，所以可以推测出unavoidable 的意思是“不可避免的”。
总之，当我们要猜测生词词义或遇到词义猜测类试题时，记住，不管这个词多超纲，根据上下文都能得出其意思;但不管这个词多熟悉，也得通过上下文得出其在特定场合的意思。只要我们灵活运用上述线索，结合生词所在的句子和段落，顺藤摸瓜，总会得出满意的结果。