苏联沙塔洛夫创立了一种新的教学法——“纲要信号”图表法。它通过字母、单词、数字或其他“信号”,简明扼要地把教学内容表现出来,使学生充分发挥联想能力和视觉记忆能力,提高逻辑思维能力和概括能力,加快教学的进程。语文教学中的板书设计,也是一种“纲要信号”。教者抓住课文的重点、难点和特点,通过关键字、词、句 The Soviet Union Shatalloff founded a new pedagogical method, the “Outline Signal” chart method. It uses letters, words, numbers, or other “signals” to present teaching content in a concise manner, so that students can fully use their ability of association and visual memory, improve their logical thinking ability and generalization ability, and speed up the teaching process. The board design in Chinese teaching is also an “outline signal.” The teacher grasps the key points, difficulties, and characteristics of the text, using keywords, words, and sentences.