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that一词从初中第一册用于最基本的句型开始,到高中作为各种从句的引导词,是最为中学生熟悉的单词之一。
that的作用很多:作为指示代词,that可以指离说话人较远的事物,也可指不能面对面看到的事物,甚至可以代替上文谈到的事物。如:I'm very glad to hear that.—Is that Mrs Black speaking?—Yes.Who'sthat?作为形容词,that可以修饰人、事、物和时间等。如that boy,thatbook,at that time.that还可作副词,修饰其他形容词或副词,表示程度。如:An hard work change a person that much?Am I that foolish?that在日常口语中的运用也是极为常见的。如:That's great!That's it.从初中课本到高中课本中,that引导的各种从句出现率很高,我将重点归纳这些从句之间的联系与区别。
一、that从句的引导
(一)that可以引导名词性从句,即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句。
that在引导名词性从句时,是连词,它本身没有词汇意义,在从句中也不充当任何成分。所以在口语和非正式文体中,宾语从句和表语从句中的that往往省略,对句子意义毫无影响。
1.学习主语从句时,要注意:
A.当主语从句很长,而后面的谓语部分很短时,为了避免头重脚轻,往往将形式主语it放在主语从句的位置,而将主语从句后置。如:
It's very clear that he's very round and tall like a tree.
It's was well known that Napoleon always asked the same threequestions.
在教这种句法时,我们特别要将其与that引起的强调结构区别开来。
主语从句后置时,与强调结构极其相似,强调结构中的被强调部分一定是that后面一句中的一个组成部分,将“It is(was)…that…”这个框架拆掉,强调部分可以插入句子,其意义完整,语法结构也完整。如:
It Was the goat's eyes that he had seen in the darkness.
It Was with the greatest difficulty that the boy gathered thestrength to speak.
可改写成:
He had seen the goat's eyes in the darkness.
The boy gathered the strength to speak with the greatest dlfficul-ty.
如果主语从旬后置,则全句不可以这样改写。
B.由that开头的主语从句在句首时,that不可省略;如用it做形式主语,而将从旬后置,that可以省(特别是在口语中),如:It'sstrange(that) he didn't come yesterday.
2.学习宾语从句时要注意:
A.宾语从句如有宾补时,要用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置,这时的that一般不省略。如:They want to made it clear thatthey do an important and necessary job.
B.that引导的宾语从句不光作及物动词的宾语。通常还可以用在某些形容词后作宾语,如glad,certain,ashamed,sure等(注:也有将此类从句看为状语)。如:He held his son's hand firmly tobe sure that the boy did not bow either.
C.that引导的宾语从句,除了极个别介词(如except)外,一般不用作介词的宾语,而what,how引导的宾语从句作介词宾语倒很常见。如:
The boy stood quite still except that his lips moved slighdy.
The Emperor Was pleased by what the prime minister told himaboutthe cloth.
3.由that开头的同位语从句多出现在idea,fact,news,thought等词之后,这里的that通常是不省略的。学习同位语从句时,我们应将其与that引导的定语从句区别。如:
A.We heard the news,that our team had won.
B.We heard the news that he had told you three days before.
以上A例是同位语从句的内容是news的具体内容;去掉thenews,从句则变成了宾语从句,整个句子的意义没什么变化。而B例是定语从句,是修饰和限制其先行词the news的,如将先行词去掉就面目全非了。
有时同位语从句较长,造成主语部分比谓语部分长得多,为避免头重脚轻,也可将同位语后置。如:Word came that Napoleonhimself was coming to inspecet them.
(二)that只起着连接主语与从句的作用,在从句中不充当成分;但与连接名词性从句时略有不同,它往往与其他形容词或副词搭配表达各种特定的意义。
1.go that,in order that表目的,可以译成“以便”“为了”,从句中往往用can、may、could、might、should等词。如:They asked thedriver to stop the beat so that they could have a look.
2.Such(a,an)…that,,,表结果,可以译成“以至于”。如:Hemade such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles inEnglish for an American newspaper.
3.nowthat表缘故,既成的事实,可译成“既然”。如:Nowthatyou have finished your work,you may go.
4.But that,,,译成“倘若不,要不是……”,主句往往用虚拟语气。如:But that he has a family he would have left England long ago.
(三)that可以引导定语从句。
引导定语从句时that是关系代词,它既起着引导从句的作用,也在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,代替人或事物。如:The finger that)I put into my mouth was mot the one(that)I had dippedintothe cup.
很多时候,指代人时用who或whom,指代事物时用which,特别是在非限定性定语从句中,关系代词都不用that,凡跟在介词后面的关系代词也不用that,但要注意在下列情况中常用that。
1.当先行词有最高级形容词修饰时。如:He is the most inter-esting man that I've ever met.This is the last time that I shall give youa lesson.
2.当先行词有any,same,very,only,all,little,much,no等词修饰时。如:This is the very watch that I lost yesterday.All that can bedone has been done.
3.当先行词是不定代词everything,anything,nothing,anybody等词时,如:Pay attention to everything that I do.
二、“too…to”结构解析
(一)“too…to”一般表示否定的意思,但是,没有否定含义的“tOO…to”搭配也大有例在,而语法书上很少介绍。下面就“too...to”的含义进行分析。
1. My sister is too young to go school.我妹妹年龄太小而不能上学。
2.His father is too old to go to work.他父亲年龄太大不能去上班。
3.I went too late to see him.我去得太晚没有见到他。
4.The books is too difficult for me to read.这本书太难了,我读不了。
(二)“too…to”,“非常……(做)……”。形式上与第一种结构一样,但意思迥异。这里,不定式(短语)“to do sill,"用来修饰“too”后面的词,而不是修饰“too”,因此失去了否定意义。“too"意为“very”。
1.He is too ready to help parents.他非常乐于助人。
2.He is too eager to see his parents.他非常渴望见到父母。
3.The girl is too young to speak.这个女孩太会饶舌了。
4.The vegetable are too easy to store.,这些蔬菜非常容易贮存。
另外,在这种表示肯定意义的结构中,经常有些副词修饰“too”,已形成了习惯搭配。如“all too”,已经形成了习惯打配。如“alltoo”(太实在),“buttoo”(非常),“only too”(非常、实在),“quitetoo”(简直太)。如:
1.I'm onIy too glad to see you here.在这儿见到你我真是太高兴了。
2.My brother is all too satisfied to ealTl 20 a dollar day.我弟弟太满足于一天挣20美元。
3.They are but too good to join in the game.他们非常高兴参加游戏。
4.We are quite too surprised to hear the news.听到这个消息我们简直太吃惊了。
(三)“too…to”结构的否定形式表示肯定的意思有下面这样两种情况:
1.“too+形容词+not to do sth.”“非常……必定能……”“太……不会不……”。
“too…to”结构的基本含义是“太……以致不能……”不定式(短语)“to do sth.”修饰“too”,现在“too”前加上“not”变否定为肯定了。如:He is too careful not to think of you.他那么细心,不会不想到你的。
2.“not(never ect)+too+形容词+to do sth.”“并不太……所以能……”“不太……可以……”。
由于“to…to”具有否定意义,其前加否定词成为“否定的否定”,即肯定。如:The room is not too small to hold the meeting.这房间足够大,可以在里面开会。
that的作用很多:作为指示代词,that可以指离说话人较远的事物,也可指不能面对面看到的事物,甚至可以代替上文谈到的事物。如:I'm very glad to hear that.—Is that Mrs Black speaking?—Yes.Who'sthat?作为形容词,that可以修饰人、事、物和时间等。如that boy,thatbook,at that time.that还可作副词,修饰其他形容词或副词,表示程度。如:An hard work change a person that much?Am I that foolish?that在日常口语中的运用也是极为常见的。如:That's great!That's it.从初中课本到高中课本中,that引导的各种从句出现率很高,我将重点归纳这些从句之间的联系与区别。
一、that从句的引导
(一)that可以引导名词性从句,即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句以及同位语从句。
that在引导名词性从句时,是连词,它本身没有词汇意义,在从句中也不充当任何成分。所以在口语和非正式文体中,宾语从句和表语从句中的that往往省略,对句子意义毫无影响。
1.学习主语从句时,要注意:
A.当主语从句很长,而后面的谓语部分很短时,为了避免头重脚轻,往往将形式主语it放在主语从句的位置,而将主语从句后置。如:
It's very clear that he's very round and tall like a tree.
It's was well known that Napoleon always asked the same threequestions.
在教这种句法时,我们特别要将其与that引起的强调结构区别开来。
主语从句后置时,与强调结构极其相似,强调结构中的被强调部分一定是that后面一句中的一个组成部分,将“It is(was)…that…”这个框架拆掉,强调部分可以插入句子,其意义完整,语法结构也完整。如:
It Was the goat's eyes that he had seen in the darkness.
It Was with the greatest difficulty that the boy gathered thestrength to speak.
可改写成:
He had seen the goat's eyes in the darkness.
The boy gathered the strength to speak with the greatest dlfficul-ty.
如果主语从旬后置,则全句不可以这样改写。
B.由that开头的主语从句在句首时,that不可省略;如用it做形式主语,而将从旬后置,that可以省(特别是在口语中),如:It'sstrange(that) he didn't come yesterday.
2.学习宾语从句时要注意:
A.宾语从句如有宾补时,要用it作形式宾语,而将宾语从句后置,这时的that一般不省略。如:They want to made it clear thatthey do an important and necessary job.
B.that引导的宾语从句不光作及物动词的宾语。通常还可以用在某些形容词后作宾语,如glad,certain,ashamed,sure等(注:也有将此类从句看为状语)。如:He held his son's hand firmly tobe sure that the boy did not bow either.
C.that引导的宾语从句,除了极个别介词(如except)外,一般不用作介词的宾语,而what,how引导的宾语从句作介词宾语倒很常见。如:
The boy stood quite still except that his lips moved slighdy.
The Emperor Was pleased by what the prime minister told himaboutthe cloth.
3.由that开头的同位语从句多出现在idea,fact,news,thought等词之后,这里的that通常是不省略的。学习同位语从句时,我们应将其与that引导的定语从句区别。如:
A.We heard the news,that our team had won.
B.We heard the news that he had told you three days before.
以上A例是同位语从句的内容是news的具体内容;去掉thenews,从句则变成了宾语从句,整个句子的意义没什么变化。而B例是定语从句,是修饰和限制其先行词the news的,如将先行词去掉就面目全非了。
有时同位语从句较长,造成主语部分比谓语部分长得多,为避免头重脚轻,也可将同位语后置。如:Word came that Napoleonhimself was coming to inspecet them.
(二)that只起着连接主语与从句的作用,在从句中不充当成分;但与连接名词性从句时略有不同,它往往与其他形容词或副词搭配表达各种特定的意义。
1.go that,in order that表目的,可以译成“以便”“为了”,从句中往往用can、may、could、might、should等词。如:They asked thedriver to stop the beat so that they could have a look.
2.Such(a,an)…that,,,表结果,可以译成“以至于”。如:Hemade such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles inEnglish for an American newspaper.
3.nowthat表缘故,既成的事实,可译成“既然”。如:Nowthatyou have finished your work,you may go.
4.But that,,,译成“倘若不,要不是……”,主句往往用虚拟语气。如:But that he has a family he would have left England long ago.
(三)that可以引导定语从句。
引导定语从句时that是关系代词,它既起着引导从句的作用,也在定语从句中充当主语或宾语,代替人或事物。如:The finger that)I put into my mouth was mot the one(that)I had dippedintothe cup.
很多时候,指代人时用who或whom,指代事物时用which,特别是在非限定性定语从句中,关系代词都不用that,凡跟在介词后面的关系代词也不用that,但要注意在下列情况中常用that。
1.当先行词有最高级形容词修饰时。如:He is the most inter-esting man that I've ever met.This is the last time that I shall give youa lesson.
2.当先行词有any,same,very,only,all,little,much,no等词修饰时。如:This is the very watch that I lost yesterday.All that can bedone has been done.
3.当先行词是不定代词everything,anything,nothing,anybody等词时,如:Pay attention to everything that I do.
二、“too…to”结构解析
(一)“too…to”一般表示否定的意思,但是,没有否定含义的“tOO…to”搭配也大有例在,而语法书上很少介绍。下面就“too...to”的含义进行分析。
1. My sister is too young to go school.我妹妹年龄太小而不能上学。
2.His father is too old to go to work.他父亲年龄太大不能去上班。
3.I went too late to see him.我去得太晚没有见到他。
4.The books is too difficult for me to read.这本书太难了,我读不了。
(二)“too…to”,“非常……(做)……”。形式上与第一种结构一样,但意思迥异。这里,不定式(短语)“to do sill,"用来修饰“too”后面的词,而不是修饰“too”,因此失去了否定意义。“too"意为“very”。
1.He is too ready to help parents.他非常乐于助人。
2.He is too eager to see his parents.他非常渴望见到父母。
3.The girl is too young to speak.这个女孩太会饶舌了。
4.The vegetable are too easy to store.,这些蔬菜非常容易贮存。
另外,在这种表示肯定意义的结构中,经常有些副词修饰“too”,已形成了习惯搭配。如“all too”,已经形成了习惯打配。如“alltoo”(太实在),“buttoo”(非常),“only too”(非常、实在),“quitetoo”(简直太)。如:
1.I'm onIy too glad to see you here.在这儿见到你我真是太高兴了。
2.My brother is all too satisfied to ealTl 20 a dollar day.我弟弟太满足于一天挣20美元。
3.They are but too good to join in the game.他们非常高兴参加游戏。
4.We are quite too surprised to hear the news.听到这个消息我们简直太吃惊了。
(三)“too…to”结构的否定形式表示肯定的意思有下面这样两种情况:
1.“too+形容词+not to do sth.”“非常……必定能……”“太……不会不……”。
“too…to”结构的基本含义是“太……以致不能……”不定式(短语)“to do sth.”修饰“too”,现在“too”前加上“not”变否定为肯定了。如:He is too careful not to think of you.他那么细心,不会不想到你的。
2.“not(never ect)+too+形容词+to do sth.”“并不太……所以能……”“不太……可以……”。
由于“to…to”具有否定意义,其前加否定词成为“否定的否定”,即肯定。如:The room is not too small to hold the meeting.这房间足够大,可以在里面开会。