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当代社群主义者在批评现代伦理理论误区的基础上论述了德性伦理,他们认为功利主义和康德主义义务论道德在相互论战中都忽视了人的德性的培育这一关键问题,因而需要复兴古典的德性,特别是亚里士多德所反复论述的德性。德性与幸福紧密相关,同时以理智和基于知识的正确选择为核心,而根本的德性是在两个极端之间取得中道,即中庸之道。公平、正义等不是绝对抽象的,它与人的理性选择和社会实践相关。这些论述对于人们认识现代社会所疏离了的德性,注意培育美德,特别是在民主制度下要求政治人物保持操守,坚守德行,防止腐败,都具有建设性的意义。当然,如何在现代多样化的社会复兴古典德性,防止停留于空幻的议论,真正实现德性践行上的进步,是社群主义者面对的一个理论难题。
On the basis of criticizing the errors of modern ethical theories, contemporary communitarians discussed the ethics of virtue. They think that the utilitarianism and the morality of Kantian obligation neglect the key issue of cultivating human virtue during the polemic of mutual controversy. Revive the classical virtue, especially the arrogance repeatedly discussed by Aristotle. Virtue and happiness are closely related. At the same time, the rationality and the correct choice based on knowledge are the core. The fundamental virtue is to obtain a middle way between two extremes, that is, the doctrine of the mean. Fairness and justice are not absolute abstraction. They are related to people’s rational choice and social practice. These expositions are of great constructive significance for people to understand the alienated virtues of modern society, pay attention to cultivating virtue, especially under the democratic system, to require politicians to maintain their ethics, practice morality and prevent corruption. Of course, how to revive the classical virtues in a modern and diverse society, prevent them from staying in vain discussions and truly realize the progress of virtue practice is a theoretical problem confronting the communitarian.