论文部分内容阅读
自然灾害对于人类所造成的危害和威胁正日益加剧。导致成千上万人死亡以及数万亿美元经济损失的超级灾害频发表明人类面对自然灾害的脆弱性。脆弱性和恢复力是防灾减灾研究中的两个相关的重要概念,但迄今没有统一的定义。脆弱性是衡量一个系统受灾之后有可能受到的破坏程度,而恢复力则是衡量一个系统抵御灾害和灾后恢复的能力。受自然灾害影响的系统可分为生态系统、工程系统(房屋设施)和社会系统。对于不同的系统,恢复力有着不同的具体含义和评估方法。对于一个社区而言,恢复力包含了抗灾和灾后重建、恢复的能力。恢复力既可以描述一个社区某一时刻的状态,也可以认为是社区应对自然灾害的一个持续过程,或者两者兼而有之。不同的定义决定评估方法和评估指标的选择不同。从实用角度讲,人们更愿意将恢复力看成是一个社区应对自然灾害从灾前防御到灾后重建、应变,到应对下一次灾害的整个过程。当一个自然灾害发生后,一个社区应对灾害的脆弱性和恢复力决定是否会进一步引发自然灾难以及灾难的程度。在灾害发生以前增强恢复力、降低灾害风险,以及在灾后反思和改进今后的应对措施,进一步增强恢复力,对于社区重建的质量与速度都有着重要意义。重点评述社区恢复力的评估及其在美国防灾减灾体系中的应用,并通过飓风安德鲁(Andrew)和卡特里娜(Katrina)个例加以说明。
The dangers and threats posed to humanity by natural disasters are increasing. The frequent occurrence of super-disasters, which have killed hundreds of thousands of people and trillions of dollars in economic losses, shows the vulnerability of humankind to natural disasters. Vulnerability and resilience are two relevant and important concepts in disaster prevention and reduction research but so far there is no universal definition. Vulnerability is a measure of how likely a system is to be destroyed after it has been hit and resilience measures the ability of a system to withstand disasters and post-disaster recovery. Systems affected by natural disasters can be divided into ecosystems, engineering systems (housing facilities) and social systems. For different systems, resilience has different specific meanings and assessment methods. For a community, resilience encompasses resilience and post-disaster reconstruction and recovery capabilities. Resilience can both describe the state of a community at a given moment in time, or as a continuum of community response to natural disasters, or both. Different definitions determine the choice of evaluation method and evaluation index. From a practical point of view, people are more willing to regard resilience as a community’s response to the entire process of natural disasters from disaster prevention to post-disaster reconstruction and emergency response to the next disaster. When a natural disaster occurs, a community should respond to the vulnerability and resilience of the disaster to determine whether it will further trigger natural catastrophes and disasters. Reinforcing resilience and disaster risk reduction prior to a disaster, as well as reflection and improvement of future response measures after disaster, and further resilience will be of great importance to the quality and speed of community reconstruction. The review of community resilience and its use in disaster prevention and reduction systems in the United States are highlighted and illustrated by the examples of hurricanes Andrew and Katrina.