泌尿系结石是泌尿外科常见疾病。近年来,我国泌尿系结石的发病率有逐渐增加的趋势,对于结石的病因与发病机制的认识也经历了一个很长的过程,但仍然无法得出一个完整的定论。20世纪90年代后,纳米细菌的发现使人们对于泌尿系结石的形成过程有了新的认识。但纳米细菌是否作为一个真实的生命体,以及如何导致相关疾病的发生等方面仍存在很大的争议。本文旨在介绍纳米细菌的本质及其独特的生物作用,综述纳米细菌近年来的研究进展,讨论纳米细菌作为泌尿系结石的发病因素在临床上的应用并作出展望。 Urinary stones are common urological diseases. In recent years, the incidence of urolithiasis in our country is gradually increasing. The understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of calculi has also gone through a long process, but still can not reach a complete conclusion. After the 1990s, the discovery of nanobacteria has brought new understanding to the formation process of urolithiasis. However, there is still much controversy over whether or not nanobacteria act as a real living body and how to cause the related diseases. This article aims to introduce the nature of nano-bacteria and its unique biological role, reviewed the progress of nano-bacteria in recent years to discuss the clinical application of nano-bacteria as a urinary calculi in clinical application and make a prospect.