论文部分内容阅读
1916年麦克伦(Mc Lean)研究凝血问题时,从肝脏中发现了肝素,自此以后,肝素作为抗凝血药普遍受到人们的重视,十几年之后,人们便从牛肺中提取了肝素并开始应用于临床。我国市售肝素均以猪小肠粘膜为原料,通过酶解、提取、纯化等步骤获得肝素钠盐。肝素钠虽具有很强的抗凝血作用,然而有不利的一面,由于肝素对钙的亲和力比对钠的亲和力强,所以使用肝素钠往往会在各个不同组织特别在血管和毛细血管壁等部位引起钙的沉积,尤其当大剂量皮下注射时,钙的螯合作用加强了破坏邻近毛细血管的渗透力,因而产生了瘀点和血肿现象。为了克服这一副作用,国外曾采用钙离子代替肝素中的钠离子,经过这种交换的肝素钙制剂,在西欧、美国等国家已临床应用。特别在急性血液凝固性异常增高的治疗中,需要高浓度肝素局部注射(如皮下注射),肝素钙注射液的治疗可获得快速、安全、有效,且能减少瘀点和血肿不良反应。
Heparin was discovered in the liver in 1916 when Mc Lean was studying the problem of coagulation and since then heparin has been widely regarded as an anticoagulant, and more than a decade later heparin was extracted from the bovine lung And began to be used in clinical. Heparin is commercially available in China as a raw material of porcine intestinal mucosa, heparin sodium salt obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis, extraction, purification and other steps. Although heparin sodium has a strong anticoagulant effect, however, there is a disadvantageous side. Since the affinity of heparin for calcium is stronger than that for sodium, heparin sodium is often used in various tissues especially in blood vessels and capillary walls Causing the deposition of calcium, especially when injected at a high dose, calcium chelation enhances the ability to infiltrate adjacent capillaries, causing petechia and hematoma. In order to overcome this side effect, foreign countries have used calcium instead of sodium in heparin, after this exchange of heparin calcium preparations in Western Europe, the United States and other countries have clinical applications. Especially in the treatment of abnormally elevated blood coagulation, high concentration heparin injection (such as subcutaneous injection) is needed. Heparin calcium injection can be rapidly, safely and effectively treated and can reduce petechia and hematoma adverse reactions.