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美国是全球范围内较早和较为系统开展科学不端行为定义研究的国家。1989年美国公共卫生局颁布了第一个正式科学不端行为定义,引发了贯穿整个90年代的持续争论。1992年美国国家科学院在批评上述定义基础上提出了“三种行为框架”的定义建议,1993年美国研究诚信委员会针对1989年的定义转而提出“主要原则加例子”的定义建议。直到1999年美国科学技术政策办公室颁布基于1989年定义基础上改进的“研究不端行为”定义,才结束了持续争论。纵观这场争论,科学界认识到不端行为的危害性和定义的重要性,政府机构的积极推动,构成了美国定义发展的重要推动力。
The United States is a country that has studied earlier and more systematically the definition of the scientific misconduct in the world. The first official definition of scientific misconduct that the U.S. Department of Public Health issued in 1989 triggered a continuing debate throughout the 1990s. In 1992, on the basis of criticizing the above definition, the National Academy of Sciences put forward the definition suggestion of “three kinds of behavioral frameworks”. In 1993, the American Commission for Research Integrity proposed the definition of “the main principle plus the example” for the definition of 1989 instead . It was not until the United States Office of Science and Technology Policy released in 1999 the definition of “improved misconduct” based on the 1989 definition that it ended the ongoing debate. Throughout this debate, the scientific community has realized the dangers of misconduct and the importance of its definition. The active promotion of government agencies has constituted an important driving force for the definition of the United States.