一、问题的提出在过去的几十年中,强调刺激——反应,把学习者看作是对外部刺激作出被动反应,即知识灌输的对象。这种教学模式的特点是:以教师为中心,教师讲,学生听,作为认知主体的学生在教学过程中自始自终处于被动状态,其主动性、积极性难以 First, the problem raised In the past few decades, the emphasis on stimulus-response, the learner as a passive response to external stimuli, that is, the object of knowledge instillation. The characteristics of this teaching mode are as follows: teachers as the center, teachers say, students listen, as the main body of the students in the teaching process from beginning to end in a passive state, the initiative and enthusiasm difficult