Japan’s aging population rate is increasing and healthy life expectancy has decreases by 10 years shorter than average life expectancy. The aim of this study i
The harmful effects of technological devices, including smart phones have been increasingly suspected among university students;bedtimes have become increasingl
Background: Despite scientific and technological developments on dentistry, man is still losing their teeth due to several reasons. Tooth loss may result in est
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of orthodontic loading on the expression of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis factor-