所谓“政教合一”,就是马克思所概括的:“神权政体”,“就是国家和教会,世俗生活和宗教生活混为一体。”恩格斯也指出过:“在新教国家里国王就是Summus èpiscopus[总主教],他把教会和国家的最高权力集于一身;这种国家形式的最终目的就是黑格尔所说的政教合一。”在人类历史上,政教合一的政权并非罕见。仅就伊斯兰教而言,从它产生之日起就同政权息息相关,伊斯兰国家长期是政教合一的政体。伊斯兰教传入中国后,在新疆(史称“西域”)境内形成过许多政教合一的实体,哈密回部封建主就是其中的一个。哈密回王家族在其辖境内,享有行政、宗教等种种特权,对维吾尔族人民实行长达两个多世纪之久的封建农奴制统治。本文试就这个问题作一粗浅探讨。 The so-called “political and religious unity” is what Marx summed up: “theocracy”, “is the confluence of state and church, secular life and religious life.” Engels also pointed out: “The king of Protestantism is Summus èpiscopus [ Bishop], who brings together the highest authority of the Church and the nation; the ultimate goal of this form of state is Hegel’s contention of religion and of religion. ”In the history of mankind, it is not uncommon for the regime to combine politics and religion. In the case of Islam alone, it is closely linked with the regime from the very day it came into existence, and the Islamic State has long been a regime of political and religious unity. After the introduction of Islam into China, many solid-state and religious entities were formed in Xinjiang (“Western Regions”), and the feudal lords in Hami were one of them. Hami back to the king family in its jurisdiction, enjoy administrative, religious and other privileges, the Uyghur people up to more than two centuries of the feudal serfdom rule. This article tries to make a brief discussion on this issue.