动物的地位差别先于人类的出现。阿尔里等人坚持,生活在群体中的所有脊椎动物都会表现出机构与领导。一般说来,级别高的动物的取食比其它群体成员更自由,并更容易接近雌性动物。在某些情况下,地位高的动物,负责警戒和对群兽的保护。过去几十年对许多野生哺乳动物时长期研究,都反映了地位等级建立和保持方法是一致的。这些动物群首(主要是雄性,但有时是雌性,如大象)决定取食分配,性习俗和“生存战略”。在著名的啄食次序研究中发现,每一个体动物都对其它动物或者支配或者服从。在对动物社会关系的研究中,马奇森把公鸡放在一个狭窄的通道的两端,测量每只公鸡向另一只公鸡接近的距离。结 The difference in the status of animals precedes that of human beings. Arie et al. Insisted that all vertebrates living in a community exhibit institutions and leadership. In general, animals of higher rank are more free to eat than other group members and have greater access to female animals. In some cases, high-status animals are responsible for alerting and protecting the animals. Long-term studies of many wild mammals over the past few decades reflect a consistent approach to establishing and maintaining status hierarchies. The first (mainly male, but sometimes female, elephants) of these fauna decided on food distribution, sexual practices and “survival strategies”. In the famous study of pecking order, it was found that each individual animal either dominates or obeys other animals. In a study of the social relationships of animals, Mochizen placed the roosters at the ends of a narrow passageway and measured how close each rooster was to another rooster. Knot