民族问题是马克思、恩格斯在创立马克思主义 ,建立无产阶级革命政党过程中 ,始终极为关注的问题。马克思、恩格斯把各民族的自主发展同社会和谐与国家进步看作是辩证的统一。没有正确妥善地处理民族问题 ,导致党内民族矛盾激化 ,是苏共自行解散的原因之一。以搞政治运动的方式处置民族矛盾 ,即使有好的愿望 ,也会造成伤害民族感情的坏结果。苏共中央曾努力建设各民族的经济、文化、科学事业 ,培养民族干部 ,造就了一批民族精英。但是 ,苏联的政治体制 ,使苏共权力中枢承担了全联盟的政治风险。当改革进到“民主化、公开性”阶段 ,过去的暗箱操作全都被曝光 ,民族分离主义倾向急剧发展 ,导致了苏共自行解散的历史性悲剧 The issue of nationalities is always a matter of great concern to Marx and Engels in the process of establishing Marxism and establishing a proletarian revolutionary party. Marx and Engels regarded the independent development of all ethnic groups as social harmony and progress with the country as a dialectical unity. Failure to correctly handle the ethnic issues and to intensify the ethnic conflicts within the party is one of the reasons for the dissolution of the Soviet Communist Party itself. To handle ethnic conflicts in a way that carries out political campaigns, even with the good wishes, can also cause bad results in hurting ethnic feelings. The Central Committee of the CPSU has tried its best to build the economic, cultural and scientific undertakings of all ethnic groups, nurtured ethnic cadres and created a number of national elites. However, the political system of the Soviet Union made the CPSU central authority assume the political risks posed by the alliance. When reform reached the stage of “democratization and openness,” all the dark-out operations in the past were exposed. The rapid development of national separatist tendencies led to the historic tragedy of the dissolution of the Soviet Communist Party itself