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在西方工业化国家中，退休者３０％ 的卫生保健费用花费在其生命的最后一年。这种相对高的死亡成本使得医学哲学家探索按照年龄提供卫生保健服务的合理性。与之相反，高死亡成本被看作是卫生保健需方和供方道德损害的结果，健康保险防止当个体剩余预期寿命减少时，卫生保健服务需求的下降。年龄调整的道德损害可以限制具有起伏线的共付率随保险人的年龄而增加。既然死亡成本这样高，最佳的保险政策是与年龄别死亡率风险相连的共付率。
In Western industrialized countries, 30% of retiree health care costs are spent in the final year of their lives. This relatively high cost of death allows medical philosophers to explore the rationality of providing health care services according to age. In contrast, high death costs are seen as a result of moral damage to health care consumers and suppliers, and health insurance prevents the decline in demand for health care services when the individual’s remaining life expectancy decreases. Age-adjusted moral damage can limit the co-payment rate with an undulating line to increase with the age of the insurer. Since the cost of death is so high, the best insurance policy is the co-payment rate linked to the age-specific mortality risk.