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【摘要】本文以直接引语变直接引语为例，采用“口诀”：四变一不变；祈使句摇身变，进行教学，化难为易。
【关键词】口诀；直接引语；间接引语
【中图分类号】G642【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1001-4128(2011)03-0038-02
我们在日常教学中，教师可运用“口诀”教学引导学生学语法，这既能锻炼学生的思维能力，又能将语法化难为易，且易于调动学生积极参与的热情，活跃课堂气氛。作者在教授直接引语变间接引语时，采用了“口诀”教学，取得了很好的效果。
1 定义口诀：直引，用引号；转述，不需要
教师简介直接引语与间接引语的定义：引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ ”标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语。
2 变化口诀：四变一不变；祈使句摇身变
教师引导学生理解直接引语与间接引语的要点：“四变一不变”——人称、时态、状语、句型变，陈述语序终不变；祈使句真调皮，摇身变为不定式（除祈使句外，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句）。
2.1 如何变人称：一随主；二随宾；第三人称不更新。
“一随主”是指如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。“二随宾”是指从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人你所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。“第三人称不更新”是指从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。如：
(1)He said，“I am very sorry.” →He said that he was very sorry.
(2)“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me. →My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
(3)Mr. John said, “Jack is a good friend of mine”. →Mr. John said Jack was a good friend of his.
2.2 如何变时态：宾语从句如何做，间接引语跟着做；主过从过，真理不过。
直接引语改为间接引语时，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（祈使句除外），主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求）。特别值得注意的是间接引语是客观真理，则仍要用一般现在时。
(1)He said, “I am not your friend.” →He said that he was not my friend.
(2)She said to me, “Your young brother broke it.” →She said to me that my young brother had broken it.
(3)She said, “I have lived in Beijing since 1998.” →She said that she had lived in Beijing since 1998.
(4)Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” → Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
2.3 如何变状语：现在改原来；近指改远指。直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规律。如下表：
直接引语间接引语
todaythat day
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next day /the following day
next week/month/year the next week/month/year
last week/month/year the week /month/year before
ago before
now then
so far by then
this that
these those
（1）She said, “I won’t come here any more.” →She said that she wouldn’t go there any more.
（2）He said, “I’ll give you an examination next Monday.” →He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.
2.4 如何变句型：祈使语气不定式（to do）; 陈述 that，疑问 if或whether; 特殊疑问就特殊。
（1）Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” →Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.
（2）“Do you go to school by bus or by bike?”→He asked me if/whether I went to school by bus or by bike.
（3）Mike asked the steward “When will our plane land?” →Mike asked steward when their plane would land.
（4）“Don’t make any noise,” she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.
当然，以上的变化“口诀”不能包罗万象，还有一些特殊的变化形式。如：
（1）直接引语如果是以“Let’s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动名词或从句。”
He said, “Let’s go to the film.” →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
（2）直接引语如果是感叹句，变为间接引语时，即可变为含有感叹词的宾语从句又可变为以that引导的宾语从句。
He said, “How happy I am!” →He said how happy he was. 或He said that he was very happy.
（3）当直接引语主句的谓语动词是一般现在时与将来时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
He always says, “I am tired out.” →He always says that he is tired out.
He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.” →He will say that he will try his best to help me.
（4）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need等，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
The doctor said, “You’d better drink plenty of water.” →The doctor said I’d better drink plenty of water.
He said, “She ought to have been in her office by now.” →He said that she ought to have been in her office by then.
参考文献
[1] John Sinclair. Collins Cobuild Student’s Grammar[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 2000
[2] 华克键.无敌英语语法（高中版）[M].北京：海豚出版社，2001
【关键词】口诀；直接引语；间接引语
【中图分类号】G642【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1001-4128(2011)03-0038-02
我们在日常教学中，教师可运用“口诀”教学引导学生学语法，这既能锻炼学生的思维能力，又能将语法化难为易，且易于调动学生积极参与的热情，活跃课堂气氛。作者在教授直接引语变间接引语时，采用了“口诀”教学，取得了很好的效果。
1 定义口诀：直引，用引号；转述，不需要
教师简介直接引语与间接引语的定义：引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话，两边用引号“ ”标出，叫做直接引语；用自己的语言转述别人的话，不需要引号这叫做间接引语。
2 变化口诀：四变一不变；祈使句摇身变
教师引导学生理解直接引语与间接引语的要点：“四变一不变”——人称、时态、状语、句型变，陈述语序终不变；祈使句真调皮，摇身变为不定式（除祈使句外，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句）。
2.1 如何变人称：一随主；二随宾；第三人称不更新。
“一随主”是指如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰，从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。“二随宾”是指从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人你所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。“第三人称不更新”是指从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰，从句中的人称一般不需要变化。如：
(1)He said，“I am very sorry.” →He said that he was very sorry.
(2)“You should be more careful next time,” my father told me. →My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
(3)Mr. John said, “Jack is a good friend of mine”. →Mr. John said Jack was a good friend of his.
2.2 如何变时态：宾语从句如何做，间接引语跟着做；主过从过，真理不过。
直接引语改为间接引语时，实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句（祈使句除外），主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时，从句（即间接引语部分）的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化，变成过去范畴的各种时态（实际也是宾语从句的时态要求）。特别值得注意的是间接引语是客观真理，则仍要用一般现在时。
(1)He said, “I am not your friend.” →He said that he was not my friend.
(2)She said to me, “Your young brother broke it.” →She said to me that my young brother had broken it.
(3)She said, “I have lived in Beijing since 1998.” →She said that she had lived in Beijing since 1998.
(4)Our teacher said to us, “Light travels faster than sound.” → Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
2.3 如何变状语：现在改原来；近指改远指。直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规律。如下表：
直接引语间接引语
todaythat day
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next day /the following day
next week/month/year the next week/month/year
last week/month/year the week /month/year before
ago before
now then
so far by then
this that
these those
（1）She said, “I won’t come here any more.” →She said that she wouldn’t go there any more.
（2）He said, “I’ll give you an examination next Monday.” →He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.
2.4 如何变句型：祈使语气不定式（to do）; 陈述 that，疑问 if或whether; 特殊疑问就特殊。
（1）Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music.” →Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.
（2）“Do you go to school by bus or by bike?”→He asked me if/whether I went to school by bus or by bike.
（3）Mike asked the steward “When will our plane land?” →Mike asked steward when their plane would land.
（4）“Don’t make any noise,” she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.
当然，以上的变化“口诀”不能包罗万象，还有一些特殊的变化形式。如：
（1）直接引语如果是以“Let’s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动名词或从句。”
He said, “Let’s go to the film.” →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
（2）直接引语如果是感叹句，变为间接引语时，即可变为含有感叹词的宾语从句又可变为以that引导的宾语从句。
He said, “How happy I am!” →He said how happy he was. 或He said that he was very happy.
（3）当直接引语主句的谓语动词是一般现在时与将来时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
He always says, “I am tired out.” →He always says that he is tired out.
He will say, “I’ll try my best to help you.” →He will say that he will try his best to help me.
（4）当直接引语中有情态动词should, would, could, had better, would rather, might, must, ought to, used to, need等，变为间接引语时，时态不变。
The doctor said, “You’d better drink plenty of water.” →The doctor said I’d better drink plenty of water.
He said, “She ought to have been in her office by now.” →He said that she ought to have been in her office by then.
参考文献
[1] John Sinclair. Collins Cobuild Student’s Grammar[M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 2000
[2] 华克键.无敌英语语法（高中版）[M].北京：海豚出版社，2001