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肺炎球菌性疾病是全球严重的公共卫生问题之一，也是导致中国儿童及成年人发病和死亡的重要原因。肺炎球菌性疾病的临床治疗用药以抗生素为主，由于抗生素的广泛应用，肺炎球菌的耐药性问题日益严重。采用肺炎球菌疫苗预防肺炎球菌性疾病并减少细菌耐药性，尤为必要和迫切。本文在《肺炎球菌性疾病免疫预防专家共识（2017版）》基础上，结合WHO肺炎球菌疫苗立场文件（2019年）和国内外最新研究进展，对肺炎球菌性疾病的病原学、临床学、流行病学、疾病负担、疫苗学等方面进行系统综述，目的是为公共卫生和预防接种专业人员在科学使用疫苗与发挥疫苗最佳预防作用方面提供证据，提高肺炎球菌性疾病防控水平。“,”Pneumococcal disease is a serious global public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality of children and adults in China. Antibiotics are commonly used to treat pneumococcal disease. However, antibiotic resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae has become a severe problem around the world due to widespread antibiotic use. Immunoprophylaxis of pneumococcal disease with pneumococcal vaccines is therefore of great importance. In this article, we review the etiology, clinical presentation, epidemiology, and disease burden of pneumococcal disease and the vaccinology of pneumococcal vaccines. Our review is based on the Expert Consensus on Immunoprophylaxis of Pneumococcal Disease (2017 version), the Pneumococcal Vaccines WHO Position Paper (2019), and recent national and international scientific advances. This consensus article aims to provide public health and vaccination staff with appropriate evidence for pneumococcal vaccine use and to improve professional capacity for pneumococcal disease prevention and control.