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现代消费者的口袋中大约装有15亿张卡片,这些卡片来自各个国际信用卡公司,如威士、万事达卡、欧罗贝（Europay）、运通、大莱等。但是随着IC卡科技的进步,许多国家安装了互不兼容的支付交易系统,持卡人并不能在所有联网的网点使用国际信用卡进行支付。为了改变这种尴尬的局面,几家国际信用卡公司就一些根本标准达成了一致。例如,四年前,一些公司达成了有关信用卡和借记卡的EMV（Europay-MasterCard-Visa）规范,现已获得广泛接受。符合EMV卡片规范的IC卡,确保了相互竞争的支付系统之间的互用性。
Modern consumers have about 1.5 billion cards in their pockets. These cards come from various international credit card companies such as Visa, MasterCard, Europay, Express, Dalai, and others. However, with the advancement of IC card technology, many countries have installed incompatible payment transaction systems, and cardholders cannot use international credit cards for payment at all networked sites. In order to change this embarrassing situation, several international credit card companies have reached agreement on some fundamental standards. For example, four years ago, some companies reached the EMV (Europay-MasterCard-Visa) specification for credit and debit cards, which has now been widely accepted. An IC card conforming to the EMV card specification ensures interoperability between competing payment systems.