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海洛因依赖能造成妊娠的女性发生感染,忽视用药情况以及营养不良,从而对胎儿的健康产生决定性的影响。同时由于多数阿片成瘾者是多药滥用者,可以推测是他们的行为而不是阿片类物质本身影响了新生儿的出生体重和早产率。在妊娠期间戒断药物是理想的方法,但通常难以达到。证据表明大部分阿片依赖的女性在孕期难以做到戒断。在孕期采用阿片维持治疗是一种较好的治疗方法,已有许多使用阿片物质(美沙酮为主)维持治疗的女性产下婴儿。接受维持治疗的女性在孕期的生理和心理方面都比不接受治疗的女性稳定。然而仍然存在出现新生儿戒断综合征的可能性,这种情况在大约60%-80%的美沙酮维持治疗的妊娠女性中较为明显。除了美沙酮,在许多国家有越来越多的文献提到在孕期使用丁丙诺啡舌下片治疗。这两种阿片物质治疗方法被证明是安全的,并且对于平均剂量来说,其与新生儿戒断综合征的强度和持续时间之间不存在正相关。
Heroin dependence affects women who become pregnant, ignores medication use and malnutrition, and therefore has a decisive effect on the health of the fetus. And since most opiate addicts are multidrug abusers, one can speculate that their behavior, rather than the opioids themselves, affects newborns’ birth weight and preterm birth rates. Withdrawal medication during pregnancy is the ideal method, but usually difficult to achieve. Evidence shows that most opiate-dependent women are difficult to get abstinent during pregnancy. Ovulation maintenance during pregnancy is a good treatment and many women using opioids (methadone-based) have been given birth to babies. Women who undergo maintenance therapy are physiologically and psychologically more stable during pregnancy than women who do not. However, there is still the possibility of a neonatal withdrawal syndrome that is evident in about 60-80% of pregnant women on methadone maintenance therapy. In addition to methadone, there is an increasing literature in many countries referring to the use of buprenorphine sublingual tablets during pregnancy. Both opioid treatments proved to be safe and there was no positive correlation between mean and dose intensity and duration of neonatal withdrawal syndrome.