一、监禁的危机在整个美国历史中,得到明确承认的矫正目的就是“矫正”犯罪行为以便防止其再发生。因此,衡量矫正有效的首要标准一直是、现在仍然是累犯率的减少。但是,从大约二十年前开始,日益明显的是,传统的对罪犯的监禁无助于这个目标。广泛考察对矫正有效性的研究就会发现美国监狱几乎都同样是无效的。监狱改革成为议题,而“现代矫正的政治”应运而生。 I. The Crisis of Imprisonment Throughout the history of the United States, the well-recognized goal of correction is to “correct” criminal acts in order to prevent their recurrence. Therefore, the primary criterion for measuring correction has been and still is a reduction in the recidivism rate. However, beginning about 20 years ago, it became increasingly apparent that the traditional imprisonment of criminals did not contribute to this goal. Extensive examination of the effectiveness of correction studies reveals that almost all US prisons are similarly ineffective. Prison reform has become a topic, and “modern remedied politics” came into being.